List the level of measurement for the variables, AGE, SEX, AGEGRP, SBP1 in the data set and describe the appropriate numerical and descriptive statistics based on these

PUBH 6125/8125 Biostatistics

Answer the following questions. Copy and paste any required data charts or summaries into this Word document. Use additional space as needed. Be sure to include your name on the document and use the file naming convention. This exam is open book and open notes.

I. Descriptive Statistics: (20 pts)

Download the data set gerstman1.sav. Complete the following:

1) List the level of measurement for the variables, AGE, SEX, AGEGRP, SBP1 in the data set and describe the appropriate numerical and descriptive statistics based on these. 4 pts

2) Calculate (by hand) the mean and standard deviation for age based on the first 20 records in the data set. Use the table below to do your calculations. 4 pts

3) Generate numerical and graphical descriptive statistics for each of the variables, namely, AGE, SEX, AGEGRP and SBP1. 8 pts

4) Interpret the output you generated in part 3 for each of the variables in the data set. 4 pts

II. Paired and Independent ttests: (20 pts)

Download the data set HIV.sav and use SPSS to complete the following calculations. Be sure to include interpretation of the SPSS output in your responses.

1) Use the 5-step approach to hypothesis testing and the calculation of the 95{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} confidence intervals to answer the following research question: Did you observe a significant difference in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) over the course of the study? (10 pts)

2) Use the 5-step approach to hypothesis testing and the calculation of the 95{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} confidence intervals to answer the following research question: Is there a difference in SBP1 based on HIV status? (10 pts)

III. Cross-Tabulation: (20pts)

Download the data set alcohol_Bladder.sav and use SPSS to complete the following calculations. Be sure to include interpretation of the SPSS output in your responses.

1) Use the 5-step approach to hypothesis testing to answer the following research question: In the sample provided in alcohol_Bladder.sav, are the variables income and Bladder Cancer independent of each other? (Note:The question could also be asked: Is there an association between the variables because the lack of independence implies an association)? (10 pts)

2) Answer the following based on the cross-tabulation of alcohol consumption and Bladder Cancer: (10 pts)

• Calculate the odds ratio. 4 pts
• Describe how the odds ratio differs from the relative risk or risk ratio and why you would chose it here. 2 pts
• Interpret the odds ratio and how it might impact the practice of public health practitioners. 2 pts
• If you wanted to know whether this relationship was statistically significant what test(s) could you use? 2 pts

IV. ANOVA: 20pts

Download the data set inc-pov-hlthins.sav and use SPSS to complete the following calculations. Be sure to include interpretation of the SPSS output in your responses.

1) Produce box plots of income for each region of the US in the data set and interpret them. Based on the box plots do you expect to find a difference between any of the groups? 4 pts

2) Create descriptive statistics for each region, using the variable income. 4 pts

• Include skewness and kurtosis in the output. 2 pts
• Create a histogram for each group. 2 pts

3) Run the ANOVA for income based on region. Include the ANOVA table and the test for Homogeneity of Variance. Interpret the results. 6 pts

4) Conduct post hoc analysis using Bonferroni and LSD methods to control for multiple testing. 6 pts

• Provide the output. 2 pts

• Interpret your results. 3 pts
• Why do you need to use methods like Bonferroni and LSD with the ANOVA? 1 pt

V. Regression: 20pts

1) Download the data set Gender_BMI.sav and use SPSS to complete the following calculations.

Use an independent t test and simple linear regression to identify whether a relationship exists between gender and BMI. (10 pts)

• Run the appropriate t test in SPSS, report the significance of the difference in means and the confidence interval, and interpret the results. 4 pts
• Run the simple linear regression in SPSS, report the significance of the variable gender and the overall fit of the model (using r²). Interpret the results. 4 pts

• How are these two approaches different? 1 pt
• Are your conclusions the same using both tests? 1 pt

2) Answer the following questions using the provided output: 10 pts

• Multiple Linear Regression 5 pts

Researchers looked at the Emergency Department Records of 60 adults ages 22 to 46 years who arrived in the ED complaining of chest pain during a 6 month period of time. They did not use a random sample as they wanted 30 males and 30 females in the study. They collected information on BMI (a measure of overweight/obesity), Age, SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) and the diagnosis of Diabetes. Their first hypothesis (alternative) was that the dependent variable SBP is associated with BMI, Age, Diabetes, and Gender. They conducted a multiple linear regression to test their hypothesis. Here are the results (note that they had two models and chose to use the second one):