Psychology (Addictions)

By the end of Week 3, you will submit as a document attachment here your Annotated Bibliography, which includes a cover page, a thesis statement, and an APA formatted listing of 8-12 articles to be used in the Case Study Analysis. Each article entry should have include a brief summary of the article and some critical analysis about its findings (to be written in your own words—copying or paraphrasing the article abstract is not permitted). Your paper should be a minimum of 3 pages (excluding Title Page).

Each article must be evidence-based – meaning each is a report of findings arising from experimental research conducted by the article author[s] and not opinion articles or publications summarizing multiple research studies – peer-reviewed, and retrieved from the APUS online library.

You must attach your bibliography document as well as PDFs of the articles you are reviewing in the assignment tab.

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW THESIS AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW THESIS AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

 

PLEASE NOTE: This is a sample paper from an earlier semester of this class. It received a high grade but it isn’t perfect. It nicely demonstrates, though, the principle elements of this assignment.

 

Literature Review Thesis and Annotated Bibliography

XXXX X. XXXXXX

American Public University

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Literature Review Thesis

The treatment of pathological gambling seems to be a relatively new science. Although the field of pharmacology is proving to be a helpful tool in treating this addictive disorder (Grant & Potenza, 2011), research seems to indicate that the cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of pathological gambling shows the most promise. This paper will seek to define and describe the basics of pathological gambling and its consequences, then review the various cognitive-behavioral efforts used to treat this disorder.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Annotated Bibliography

Alvarez-Moya, E.M., Ochoa, C., Jimenez-Murcia, S., Aymami, M.N., Gomez-Pena, M., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Santamaria, J., Moragas, L., Bove, F., & Menchon, J.M. (2011). Effect of executive functioning, decision-making and self-reported impulsivity on the treatment outcome of pathologic gambling. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 36 (3), 165-175. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10.1503/jpn.090095).

This article discusses the importance of neurocognitive and personality factors in relation to pathological gambling. The study uses both self-report and neurocognitive measures to assess participants’ levels of general functioning, impulsivity, and decision-making, provided participants with cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions. The study’s conclusions include correlations between the personality traits of high impulsivity, sensitivity to reward, and high drop-out rates.

Bertrand, K., Dufour, M., Wright, J., & Lasnier, B. (2008). Adapted couple therapy (ACT) for pathological gamblers: A promising avenue. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24, 393-409. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10.1007/s10899-008-9100-1).

This article discusses the potential benefits to using a couples’ therapy approach for the treatment of pathological gambling. The authors state the objectives of using couples’ therapy in addition to individual therapy for the person with the addiction. These include the encouragement of the couple to work together as a team in the rehabilitation process as well as the improvement of the couple’s relationship as a whole. The article also outlines the phases of the proposed treatment.

Blanchard, E.B., Wulfert, E., Freidenburg, B.M., Malta, L.S. (2000). Psychophysiological assessment of compulsive gamblers’ arousal to gambling cues: A pilot study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 25 (3), 155-165. Retrieved August 29, 2012 from ProQuest Database.

This pilot study, which focuses on a small number of pathological gamblers and control matches, measures multiple physiological assessments hypothesized to be related to pathological gambling. The authors review many similarities found between individuals diagnosed with pathological gambling and with drug addictions, such as social, financial, and vocational problems. The study’s findings regarding heart rate support the idea of “cue-specific arousal” for those with pathological gambling problems. The study’s limitations include a small number of participants.

Breen, B. B., Kruedelback, N.G., Walker, H.J. (2001). Cognitive changes in pathological gamblers following a 28-day inpatient program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13 (3), 246-248. Retrieved August 29, 2012 from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.15.246).

This study focuses on the role of beliefs and attitudes about gambling upon the addiction of gambling. 56 veterans admitted to inpatient care for pathological gambling were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Attitude and Beliefs Survey, and the Beck Depression Inventory. They were then provided 28 days of inpatient cognitive behavioral therapy, then retested. Their scores showed some decreases in thinking patterns strongly associated with problematic gambling. While this study addresses the likely importance of one’s beliefs and attitudes in conjunction with pathological gambling behavior, its findings seem preliminary, and lack any follow-up data.

Dowling, N., Smith, D., Thomas, T. (2006). Treatment of female pathological gambling: The efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural approach. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 355-372. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10.1007/s10899-006-9027-3).

This article focuses on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for female pathological gamblers. This study points out that in most studies related to gambling, males make up the majority of the participants, and it compares and contrasts average qualities of male versus female gamblers. The cognitive-behavioral treatment is described and discusses the significant levels of success of their participants in abstaining from gambling.

Freidenberg, B.M., Blanchard, E.B., Wulfert, E., & Malta, L.S. (2002). Changes in physiological arousal to gambling cues among participants in motivationally enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy for pathological gambling: A preliminary study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 27 (4), 251-260. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database.

This preliminary study pairs traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy with the element of “motivational enhancement,” designed to augment the benefits of regular CBT. This article describes the rationale behind motivationally enhanced CBT, the treatment plan and methodology, and results, measured by participants’ arousal levels (heart rates) and the South Oaks Gambling Screen.

Grant, J. E., & Potenza, M. N. (2011). Pathological gambling and other “behavioral” addictions. In R. F. Frances, S. I. Miller & A. H. Mack (Eds.), Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders. (3rd ed.). (pp. 303-320). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Lindberg, A., Fernie, B.A., Spada, M.M. (2011). Metacognitions in problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 73-81. Retrieved August 29, 2012 from ProQuest Database. (DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9193-1).

This study discusses the importance of metacognitions in the treatment of pathological gambling. The relationships between gambling, anxiety, depression, and metacognitions are examined through the use of several well-known self-report measures. Findings show that metacognitions relating to need for control, negative thoughts about beliefs of danger, and cognitive confidence, were significantly correlated with pathological gambling behavior. Anxiety and depression were also correlated with higher levels of gambling behavior. This study highlights the potential importance of addressing metacognitions in cognitive behavioral therapy for individuals with pathological gambling issues.

Marceaux, J.C., & Melville, C.L. (2011). Twelve-step facilitated versus mapping-enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 171-190. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9196-y).

This study compares and contrasts the results of twelve-step facilitated group therapy and node-link mapping-enhanced individual cognitive-behavioral therapy. Assessments and treatments are described. Overall, the majority of participants in both groups showed significant decreases in gambling behavior.

Milton, S., Crino, R., Hunt, C., Prosser, E. (2002). The effect of compliance-improving interventions on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, Summer 2002, 2 (18), 207-229. Retrieved August 29, 2012 from ProQuest Database.

This article discusses the dysfunctional belief and behavior patterns associated with pathological gambling, including the typical problem of non-compliance with treatment. This study compares the differences in results between groups of outpatient pathological gamblers treated with cognitive behavioral therapy with and without “compliance-enhancing interventions” such as positive feedback, letters of encouragement, and a focus on the client’s positive prognosis and self-efficacy. Those treated with CBT were deliberately not provided any positive reinforcement. The results of the study showed significant short-term improvement for those treated with CBT and compliance-enhancement interventions. The results of this study seem quite limited, as most CBT already uses elements of what the study labels “compliance enhancement” and no long-term differences in results were found.

Petry, N.M. (2005). Gamblers anonymous and cognitive-behavioral therapies for pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21 (1), 27-33. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10.1007/s10899-004-1919-5).

This brief article provides information on the organization Gamblers’ Anonymous and the basics of cognitive-behavioral treatment for pathological gambling. The author reflects that these two intervention approaches may be used effectively in tandem, and also discusses some of the limitations to researching this disorder (e.g. high drop-out rates, the priority of anonymity in GA).

Petry, N.M., Ammerman, Y., Bohl, J., Doersch, A., Gay, H., Kadden, R., Molina, C., & Steinburg, K. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gamblers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74 (3), 555-567. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database (DOI: 10 pathological ga.1037/0022-006X.74.3.555).

This study examines the efficacy of several variations of cognitive-behavioral therapy: referral to Gamblers’ Anonymous, referral to GA and cognitive-behavioral treatment in a workbook form, and referral to GA and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy. While each type of intervention showed a modicum of success, the participants who received a referral to GA and individual therapy exhibited the most progress.

Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R., & Boisvert, J. (1997). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65 (5), 727-732. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from ProQuest Database.

This article examines the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals meeting the DSM-IV TR criteria for pathological gambling. The study discusses some of the cognitive fallacies exhibited by many uncontrolled gamblers, outlines the steps of treatment (including sessions on cognitive correction, problem-solving, social skills, and relapse prevention), and reports significant results for its participants, the majority of whom no longer meet the DSM-IV TR criteria for the disorder.

How might individual and group counseling help both the patients diagnosed with these conditions and their families better adjust to their chronic or worsening illness?

Hay fever, emphysema, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome.

Unlike cancer and heart disease, they’re not the maladies that capture a lot of publicity.

But chronic conditions can cause a substantial amount of pain, suffering and disability. These diseases and disorders are not transferred by bacteria or viruses, nor can you get them from person-to-person contact.

They usually develop over a long period of time.

And although most are not fatal, they can wreak havoc with your body.

Fortunately, many of these modern maladies can be avoided or controlled through good health habits.

For those with a genetic origin, medical breakthroughs offer new hope.

And for others that as yet have no cure, research continues.

Do you know anyone who is living with a chronic, noninfectious condition? To help you comprehend the scope of the most common noninfectious diseases and conditions, it’s useful to assign each to one of six major categories, respiratory disorders, neurological disorders, gender-related disorders, digestion-related disorders, musculoskeletal diseases, and other maladies like chronic fatigue and carpal tunnel syndromes. A sneeze may just be a reflex when something tickles your nose.

But for people with allergies, it can be the first sign of a miserable bout of hay fever.

Hay fever is probably the most common chronic respiratory disease.

As most people know it, it causes sneezing and itching and watery eyes and nose.

It’s suffered worldwide and is usually most prevalent during the season when ragweed and flowers are blooming.

How does something as seemingly innocent as grains of pollen or dust or mold or animal dander wreak so much havoc on a person’s life?

When you’re exposed to an antigen or allergen, the body responds by producing antibodies to destroy the invader.

In some people, for reasons that are not understood, the immune system goes into overdrive and produces excessive numbers of antibodies. These antibodies, in turn, trigger the release of histamines, chemical substances that dilate blood vessels, increase mucus secretions and cause tissues to swell, the symptoms that allergy sufferers know only too well.

The only way for many people to find relief is to avoid the source of their allergy.

But when this isn’t possible, help can come in the form of injections or histamine suppresses known as antihistamines.

Asthma is another chronic respiratory disease with which you are probably familiar.

It’s characterized by attacks of wheezing, breathing difficulty and coughing spasms.

Sometimes exposure to allergens, like the ones that cause allergies, can trigger an episode of asthma.

But anxiety and stress can also cause an attack.

For relief, asthma sufferers must determine what triggers an attack and be equipped with prescription medicines, most often in the form of inhalers, just in case. One type of asthma has become well known among athletes.

It’s a condition known as exercise-induced asthma.

Fortunately, athletes, or even the average person, doesn’t have to stop working out.

Many successful athletes with the EIA find relief by keeping their lungs moist, warming up thoroughly, and breathing through the nose.

Like many chronic diseases, asthma requires that the sufferer manage the disease by avoiding triggers or things that can cause an attack.

One of the more devastating of the respiratory disorders is emphysema.

Although its exact cause is uncertain, there’s a strong indication that the development of emphysema is related to long-term cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution.

When a person has emphysema, the alveoli, or tiny air sacs of the lungs, are gradually destroyed.

The result is a greater and greater struggle to breathe and, eventually, death.

In fact, emphysema is classified as one of several chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases which are the fifth leading cause of death in the United States.

What are some things you could do that might help reduce your risk of developing a respiratory disorder? Is there anyone who was never had a headache?

Headaches can range from mild discomfort to pain so intense that it causes nausea or dizziness.

If you’re lucky, an over-the-counter-pain relief or even a relaxing bath can bring relief. But for people who suffer from severe headaches like migraines, the piercing pain can become so debilitating that they can’t work, study or socialize.

For many migraine sufferers, a visual disturbance, or aura, precedes the development of a migraine.

The aura is followed by pulsating pain on one side of the head, usually accompanied by dizziness, nausea and intolerance for light and noise. Many scientists blame migraines on either electrical disturbance on the surface of the cortex of the brain or disturbances in the brain’s pain regulating chemistry.

But whatever the physiology, many people find they can avoid most migraines by avoiding certain triggers like caffeine or red wine.

Others find relief only in strong prescription drugs.

Other common kinds of headaches include tension headaches, which can be triggered by lack of sleep or by stress.

Secondary headaches can be caused by underlying conditions that need to be treated such as sinus blockage, hypertension or problems with eyesight, and psychological headaches, which stem from anxiety, depression and another emotional factors.

All headaches can affect your mood and outlook on life.

If they become chronic or persistent see your doctor.

What events or conditions trigger headaches in you? Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by abnormal brain activity.

It’s generally characterized by loss of control of muscle activity, mental confusion and loss of consciousness. Ancient peoples thought that epileptic seizures were caused by evil spirits.

And although much of the mystery surrounding epilepsy has been solved in modern times, the stigma of the disorder still remains.

The truth is, that today, people with epilepsy can lead normal seizure-free lives with proper medication.

Yet epileptics are often still perceived as lacking intelligence or mentally unstable, and are discriminated against in hiring. It used to be called “female troubles,” but today it’s known as PMS, or premenstrual syndrome.

And although PMS began to get clinical attention in the 1980s, it’s still considered a controversial topic.

Is it a legitimate malady?

PMS is actually a complex of symptoms that occur prior to menstruation in some women, depression, irritability, backache, abdominal cramps, and fatigue.

It’s believed to be caused by a hormonal imbalance relating to the rise in estrogen levels preceding menstruation.

Treatments include hormone therapy, pain relievers, increasing complex carbohydrates in the diet, stress reduction and exercise.

Unfortunately, PMS has become a catch-all phrase that stigmatizes women as being hard to get along with, moody and irrational.

And some women feel that men in the workforce use PMS as an excuse to keep women from attaining positions of authority, implying that they may not be fit psychologically to hold important positions.

What are the social implications of PMS?

Do you think there’s a male equivalent? Diabetes is a pancreatic disease that affects an estimated 15 million Americans, but nearly 6 million of them don’t know they have it.

In healthy people, the pancreas produces enough of the hormone insulin to allow the body to metabolize glucose or blood sugar.

In diabetics, the pancreas either fails to produce insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin for the body to regulate glucose metabolism. Doctors agree that being overweight, coupled with inactivity, dramatically increases one’s risk for developing diabetes.

In addition, diabetes tends to run in families.

So if you know there’s a family history of diabetes, you’ll also want to take steps now to reduce your risk.

And what are those steps?

You guessed it, the old standbys, eating a healthy diet rich in complex carbohydrates and plenty of exercise.

Avoiding stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption may also play a role in reducing your risk of diabetes.

And, as with many other conditions, early diagnosis is key to helping doctors manage diabetes.

A marked increase in thirst and urination are two of those common early symptoms and should be checked by a doctor immediately.

Much like headaches, most of us will experience some sort of digestive problem during our lives.

These symptoms could be signs of ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, or diverticulosis, all common diseases of the intestinal tract.

Peptic ulcers are another widespread digestive disorder.

They can occur in the lining of the small intestine or stomach.

In the past, they were thought to be the result of gastric acid acting on these tissues, and were treated by putting the patient on a bland diet.

But recent research has suggested that all ulcers are actually caused by bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics.

When assessing your risk, however, be aware the peptic ulcers are most prevalent in people who are highly stressed over long periods of time, consume high-fat foods, or drink excessive amounts of alcohol.

Another very common condition, heartburn, actually has nothing to do with your heart.

It just feels that way.

Heartburn is really a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux, or the backup of stomach contents, including acids, into the lower esophagus.

If you have heartburn you probably know your triggers, most commonly fatty or fried foods, chocolate, coffee, alcohol and cigarettes, and can take steps to avoid them.

Some digestive diseases may run in your family, while others develop from lifestyle and eating habits.

The onset of most digestive problems can be reduced by making dietary changes, reducing stress levels, exercising and losing weight, all of the healthy habits you want to have anyway. Arthritis is something many people associate with old age.

Although some forms are more prevalent in older people, arthritis is known as the nation’s primary crippler, striking one in seven Americans or over 38 million people of all ages.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive deterioration of bones and joints associated with age and repeated injury.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a more serious inflammatory joint disease that can occur at any age, but most commonly appears between the ages of 20 and 45.

This condition typically attacks the synovial membrane, which produces the lubricating fluids for the joints.

As you can see, its advanced stages often involve the deterioration of the bony ends of the joints.

The remedy is typically bone fusion, which leaves the joint immobile, or, in some cases, joint replacement. You may have noticed recently that more and more people are wearing protective belts when they’re lifting or moving heavy objects.

Far from a fashion statement, this new trend reflects the fact that low back pain has assumed epidemic proportions in our society.

In fact, it’s estimated that 80% of all Americans will experience low back pain at some point in their lives.

Sometimes it’s a short-lived problem due to muscular damage.

But often it involves dislocations, fractures or other problems with spinal vertebrae or disks that may be chronic or require surgery. Why has low back pain become so widespread?

The main reason is that a lot of us are out of shape.

Excess weight, poor posture and weak abdominal or back muscles are the major risk factors. To minimize back pain and injury, avoid excessive strain or sharp twists when muscles are cold.

And keep in mind that it’s mainly your abdominal muscles that support your back.

So exercise in ways that focus on strengthening the abs. You can also protect your back by making sure that you use proper posture.

When sitting, be sure the seat is at a proper height so your knees are at a 90 degree angle.

And avoid slouching.

Keep your neck and back in a straight line.

To stand properly, without putting excess strain on your lower back, your chin should be in, head up, back flattened, and pelvis held straight.

And again, avoid slouching.

And when you’re lifting and carrying, bend at the knees, not at the waist.

And hold heavy objects close to you.

Do you have any of the risk factors for low back injury, and what changes can you make to avoid injury? A number of other disorders have surfaced in recent years.

Some seem related to technology and some are of, as yet, unknown origins.

Two that have received special attention are Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or CFS, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

Chronic fatigue syndrome leaves its victims feeling totally exhausted.

Other symptoms include headaches, fever, sore throat and general weakness.

When it first began showing up in the late 1980s, CFS was believed to be related to mononucleosis.

But more recent tests have led doctors to all but rule out the possibility of a viral cause. In the absence of any known pathogen, many doctors now believe that CFS has psychological roots.

Among college students, for example, CFS seems to correlate with emotional instability introversion, anxiety and depression.

Since no one knows it’s exact cause, the only current treatments for CFS focus on improved nutrition, rest, counseling for depression, exercise, and a strong support network. Let’s say you have a job that requires lengthy hours at the computer.

Suddenly, your wrists start to hurt so badly you can barely do your job.

Chances are, the cause is carpal tunnel syndrome, a common occupational injury that causes the median nerve in your wrist to become irritated, resulting in numbness, tingling and pain in your fingers and hands.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common job-related repetitive motion injuries, putting 15 million Americans at risk.

College students are included in this high-risk population.

Application Activity #10

Watch this episode of According to Jim, Jim Almighty. In this episode Jim thinks that he can design women better than the creator did. Many gender stereotypes are depicted and reinforced (and some are even abandoned) during this show. Keep track and write down all of the stereotypes for men and for women that are mentioned in the show. With your group, discuss and classify them into physical, sexual, personality, social, and emotional and discuss whether they are accurate, inaccurate, or an exaggeration of a true difference.

Note, if you cannot open the video, you may have to search for “According to Jim, Jim Almighty” in youtube.

“What Is The Nature Of The Mind?” And “How Do We Acquire Knowledge

An overarching theme in the history of psychological thought can be summarized with two questions: “What is the nature of the mind?” and “How do we acquire knowledge?”.
When contemplating the nature of the mind you must assess to what extent a theory/approach considers the mind a physical or non-physical phenomenon. A theorist can hold a “soft materialist stance” and argue that the mind is a product of the physical world but has non-physical properties, or that is a completely non-physical thing that does not obey the causal laws of the physical world (see: Descartes).
When discussing how we acquire knowledge the main point is to assess if we can trust our senses (Empiricism vs. Rationalism).
Compare two contrasting views from two different Western Countries (France, Britain, or Germany) on the nature of the mind and how we acquire knowledge. You can pick specific authors to elucidate your point, but you should be able to identify a trend within each of the countries you pick. This analysis should be at least 4 pages, double spaced, in APA format. Feel free to use outside sources to help clarify your point but the information you need should be in the textbook.