Digestive System – My Nursing Experts

1. What are the functions that the liver, gallbladder and pancreas play in digestion? Explain.

2. Chapter 5 discusses many pathological conditions related to the digestive system and divides them based on their location (oral cavity, upper GI tract, Lower GI tract ect..). Pick 4 pathological conditions, one from each group, define them and explain the signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for each one.

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3. You have learned so far the suffixes -tomy, -ectomy and -stomy. Explain the differences in the meanings of each suffix and illustrate using examples of medical terms that are realted to the digestive system.

4. This week, you are expected to go over the digestive system case study under the week’s module. In the case study, the patient (Mrs. Kreider) has undergone false diagnosis multiple times (indigestion, diverticulosis, jaundice, colonic polyps, etc…).

a. Describe each misdiagnosed condition, the reason behind each misdiagnosis and the lab tests and procedures that were used.

b. What was the actual diagnosis? What is the medical term for this condition? What was done to reach this diagnosis?

Chapter 5Digestive System

Learning Objectives

Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.

Chapter 5Lesson 5.1

Introduction

Digestive or gastrointestinal system

performs three main functions:

digestionabsorptionelimination

Define, discuss, and describe the three main functions of the digestive system.

What are enzymes, and what function do they serve in the digestive process?

INTRODUCTION:DIGESTION

Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients.Proteins → amino acidsSugars → glucoseFats → fatty acids

INTRODUCTION:ABSORPTION

Digested food passes into bloodstream through walls of small intestine.Nutrients travel to all cells of the bodyCells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

INTRODUCTION:ELIMINATION

Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.The large intestine concentrates feces.The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.

Organs of the Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.

In which major systems of the digestive tract do digestion, absorption, and elimination occur?

Oral Cavity

Major parts of the oral cavity

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is mastication?

What is deglutition?

Oral Cavity

Major parts of the oral cavity

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is mastication?

What is deglutition?

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

→

Quiz students to complete labels.

Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Anatomy of a tooth

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is a root canal and why is it performed?

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Anatomy of a tooth

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is a root canal and why is it performed?

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Salivary glands

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

Quiz students to complete labels.

How many salivary glands surround the oral cavity?

How do salivaryenzymes aid digestion?

Pharynx

Deglutition

The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.

What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?

How does the body address this problem?

Pharynx

Deglutition

The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.

What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?

How does the body address this problem?

Esophagus/Stomach

Parts of the stomach

The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

What is a bolus?

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?

Esophagus/Stomach

Parts of the stomach

The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

What is a bolus?

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?

The Digestive Tract

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?

The Digestive Tract

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?

Small Intestine (cont’d.)

Villi in the lining of the small intestine

What is the function of the villi?

Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestine

Also known as the colon.

The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.

What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?

Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestine

Also known as the colon.

The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.

What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Quiz students to complete labels in Figure 5-9.

What is emulsification?

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels in Figure 5-9.

What is emulsification?

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

Besides producing bile and

releasing bilirubin, the liver:

helps maintain normal blood glucose levelsmanufactures blood proteins necessary for clottingremoves toxins and poisons from the blood

How does the liver maintain blood glucose levels?

QUICK QUIZ:

1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?

gluconeogenesis

emulsification

hyperbilirubinemia

glycogenolysis

Correct answer is C hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

The pancreas and its functions

The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.

As an exocrine organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)

As an endocrine organ it secretes insulin.

What is the function of insulin?

Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Quiz students by having them complete the flow chart of how food progresses through the GI tract.

Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

QUICK QUIZ:

2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?

cecum

duodenum

jejunum

pylorus

Correct answer is A, the cecum is the first part of the large intestine. hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.

QUICK QUIZ:

3. Which term means swallowing?

mastication

deglutition

emulsification

peristalsis

Correct answer is B, deglutition which means swallowing.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

Examples of Combining FormsCombining FormMeaningTerminologybucc/ocheekbuccal mucosaceli/obelly, abdomenceliacdent/itoothdentibuccalesophag/oesophagusesophagealsialaden/osalivary glandsialadenitis

Define combining forms for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.

Name two medical terms (not mentioned above) from the word forms listed.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)

Three types of anastomoses

-stomy, when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body.

Anastomosis is the surgical connection between two body parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.

In what other places might anastomoses be made?

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)

Examples of SuffixesSuffixMeaningTerminology-aseenzymelipase-cheziadefecationhematochezia-iasisabnormal conditioncholedocholithiasis-prandialmealpostprandial

Define suffixes for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?

cholecystitis

celiac

appendicitis

cheilitis

Correct answer is D, cheilitis.

Chapter 5Lesson 5.2

Pathologyof the Digestive System

Examples of signs and symptoms:

anorexia – lack of appetiteascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomeneructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouthsteatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

Discuss symptoms such as ascites, borborygmus, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, flatus, hematochezia, jaundice, melena, and nausea.

Based on your knowledge of the functions of the liver, how might cirrhosis cause ascites?

For more signs and symptoms, see chapter 5 8e Pathology Section.

Pathologic ConditionsOral Cavity and Teeth:

aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcersdental caries – tooth decayherpetic stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.oral leukoplakia- white plaques or patchesperiodontal disease- inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.

Discuss herpetic stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, and periodontal disease.

How does tooth decay progress? How is it treated?

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

What kind of diet do physicians recommend to relieve symptoms of achalasia?

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.

gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomachpeptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract(Small and Large Intestines)

anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract(Small and Large Intestines)

colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract(Small and Large Intestines)

Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestineshemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal regionileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract(Small and Large Intestines)

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract(Small and Large Intestines)

intussusception – Telescoping of the intestinesIBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tensionulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcersvolvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

cholelithiasis – gallstones

in the gallbladder

Pathologic ConditionsLiver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

What is biliary colic?

What type of surgery is performed to remove the gallbladder and stones?

Pathologic ConditionsLiver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liverpancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreasviral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

What causes cirrhosis of the liver?

Define, discuss, and describe the three main functions of the digestive system.

What are enzymes, and what function do they serve in the digestive process?

In which major systems of the digestive tract do digestion, absorption, and elimination occur?

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is mastication?

What is deglutition?

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is mastication?

What is deglutition?

Quiz students to complete labels.

Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is a root canal and why is it performed?

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is a root canal and why is it performed?

Quiz students to complete labels.

How many salivary glands surround the oral cavity?

How do salivaryenzymes aid digestion?

The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.

What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?

How does the body address this problem?

The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.

What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?

How does the body address this problem?

The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

What is a bolus?

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?

The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

What is a bolus?

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?

What is the function of the villi?

Also known as the colon.

The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.

What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?

Also known as the colon.

The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.

What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?

Quiz students to complete labels in Figure 5-9.

What is emulsification?

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels in Figure 5-9.

What is emulsification?

How does the liver maintain blood glucose levels?

Correct answer is C hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.

The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.

As an exocrine organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)

As an endocrine organ it secretes insulin.

What is the function of insulin?

Quiz students by having them complete the flow chart of how food progresses through the GI tract.

Correct answer is A, the cecum is the first part of the large intestine. hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.

Correct answer is B, deglutition which means swallowing.

Define combining forms for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.

Name two medical terms (not mentioned above) from the word forms listed.

-stomy, when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body.

Anastomosis is the surgical connection between two body parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.

In what other places might anastomoses be made?

Define suffixes for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.

Correct answer is D, cheilitis.

Discuss symptoms such as ascites, borborygmus, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, flatus, hematochezia, jaundice, melena, and nausea.

Based on your knowledge of the functions of the liver, how might cirrhosis cause ascites?

For more signs and symptoms, see chapter 5 8e Pathology Section.

Discuss herpetic stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, and periodontal disease.

How does tooth decay progress? How is it treated?

What kind of diet do physicians recommend to relieve symptoms of achalasia?

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.

What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?

LES is lower esophagus sphincter.

What is biliary colic?

What type of surgery is performed to remove the gallbladder and stones?

What causes cirrhosis of the liver?

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Digestive System – My Nursing Experts

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