What is alcoholism and how does it begin?

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   What is alcoholism and how does it begin?

On a base level, drinking alcohol is considered a socially acceptable way to have fun or relax. While the effects of drinking alcohol irresponsibly are well documented, underlying reason behind alcohol intoxication is not necessarily common knowledge. Alcohol is a depressant that is converted from sugar and in 1956, the American Medical Association declared alcoholism as a disease. Alcoholism, which is caused by excessive alcohol abuse, is the altering of the brain’s structure and function. In this review, we will look at how alcoholism begins.

In the study conducted by Waldron and Vaughan (2014) found that in both sexes, the relationship between age at first alcohol use and risk for alcohol dependence followed a linear trend. The findings showed that the highest rates of alcohol dependence were observed in those individuals who began drinking at an early than average age (14 years or younger).  These findings lead us to another question; what factors influence individuals to begin drinking at 14 years or younger?

There are plenty of reasons why people begin drinking such as stress, financial problems, family issues, school, etc. However, drinking at a young age is often tending to be due to shared environmental factors, heritability, and genetics. Young people who grow up in a home where the parents drink heavily may assume that is a normal behavior. Also, in that environment the parents may have a more tolerant attitude towards underage drinking. (Weisner and Moore 2001). There is a hereditary component which makes people more prone to alcohol abuse. Some individual’s genetic makeup makes them more likely to experiment with alcohol. Some people are just born with a higher tolerance for alcohol than others. Other factors explaining why individuals have their first intake of alcohol are peer pressure and personality types. In general, people feel the need to be accepted by others. With that being said, if a young person is hanging around a gang of friends who are drinking they may crack under pressure and go along with them whether they want to or not with a desire to “fit in”. Personality type has a big factor on your first substance use and how well you can take an “experiment”. If the young person shows characteristics such as low self-esteem, attraction to high-risk behaviors, and nonconformity they may be demonstrating a battle with an addictive personality which will put them at a higher risk for alcohol dependence and/or alcohol abuse.

Risks Associated with Drinking at an Early Age

There are several risks associated with drinking at  early age such as alcohol addiction later on in life, damage to the liver, early development of cirrhosis, and brain damage to name a few. Drinking at an early age also is a gateway to alcohol-related accidents. Rehm (2011) conducted a study on the amount of deaths due to alcohol related risks and the results showed 5,320 deaths (1,530 female deaths; 3,790 male deaths) or 5.9{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} of all deaths (4.9{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} of all female deaths; 6.3{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} of all male deaths. Of those deaths, 74.5{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} (61.3{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} for females; 79.8{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} for males) were caused by heavy drinking, and 26.9 {0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}( 25.6{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} for females; 27.5{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} for males) were attributable to alcohol dependence. These statistics show how dangerous a simple experiment with alcohol at an early age can lead to.

Alcohol also is known to be a gateway drug to other substances as well. For those young people who drink alcoholic beverages, while under the influence of alcohol this could potentially lead to other behaviors such as promiscuous sex and using illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, PCP, etc. Drinking alcohol also interferes with ability to make logical decisions and performance at school. These risks associated with alcohol can cause long-term effects and have serious implications on an individual’s well-being.

Costs and Effects of Alcoholism Treatment

describe a variety of high-level, argumentative, and linguistic patterns which are generic to scientific research articles

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Question 3. Penrose and Katz, in their chapter “Reading and Writing Research Reports”, describe a variety of high-level, argumentative, and linguistic patterns which are generic to scientific research articles. Importantly, however, they ground these observations in the rhetorical situation by describing the venues in which these articles appear and the way these articles are constructed, read, and referred to. This grounding presents the opportunity to recognize multiple (often simultaneous) rationales for the structures observed. Consider specifically citation in journal articles. What are two (or more) co-existing reasons the authors of the chapter list for research article authors to cite the work of others? How might these reasons be rationalized in terms of their connection to elements of the rhetorical situation?  And how might those rationalizations be used to supplement Hyland’s empirical/linguistic discussion of citation patterns?

Question 4. In class we talked about how the mechanical connection of phrases is a strong syntactic technique for imparting emphasis. We also discussed how syntactic and lexical techniques deployed with the purpose of manipulating the feel of text in one way might also impact other textual properties. Considering our exercises and readings over the last few weeks, describe how the concepts of co- and subordination discussed in class might connect to the “rudimentary” idea of unity, identified in our reading as a property necessary but not sufficient for paragraph cohesion. (To answer this question, you may want to begin by defining the terms unity and coherence as they are defined in the text and then detailing how they are related to cohesion. From there, you can comment on how the phrasal coordination techniques discussed in class function in terms of these terms, as well as in terms of emphasis and cohesion.)

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(university level paper)

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PART II KEY CONCEPTS

2 The concept of discourse
community
2.1 A need for clarification
Discourse community, the first of three terms to be examined in Part II,
has so far been principally appropriated by instructors and researchers
adopting a ‘Social View’ (Faigley, 1986) of the writing process. Although
I am not aware of the original provenance of the term itself, formative
influences can be traced to several of the leading ‘relativist’ or ‘social
constructionist’ thinkers of our time. Herzberg (1986) instances Perelman
and Olbrechts-Tyteca’s The New Rhetoric (1969), Kuhn’s The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) and Fish’s Is There a Text in
this Class? (1980). Porter (1988) discusses the significance of Foucault’s
analysis of ‘discursive formations’ in The Archaeology of Knowledge
(1972); other contributors are Rorty (Philosophy and the Mirror of
Nature, 1979) and Geertz (Local Knowledge, 1983), with Wittgenstein’s
Philosophical Investigations (1958) as an earlier antecedent
(Bruffee, 1986), particularly perhaps for the commentary therein on
‘language games’ (3.5).
Whatever the genealogy of the term discourse community, the relevant
point in the present context is that it has been appropriated by the ‘social
perspectivists’ for their variously applied purposes in writing research. It
is this use that I wish to explore and in turn appropriate. Herzberg (1986)
sets the scene as follows:

What is the role of management and unions in society today? How has this changed in the last 100 years?

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What is the role of management and unions in society today? How has this changed in the last 100 years?
•How does the history of unions and the collective bargaining process impact negotiations today? What are some of the current trends or problems in labor relation practices?
•Would this negotiation process differ if it involved a public compared to a private-sector union? Please explain.
•How has this exercise increased your understanding of the collective bargaining process? What is your assessment of the value of mediation and arbitration in this process?
•Explain the value of the various organizational leadership competencies (communication, problem solving, teamwork, analytical skills, legal and ethical practices, strategic approach, and research) that are important to be successful in this type of negotiating process.

Collective Bargaining Agreement
Shannon Yancey
Southern New Hampshire University
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT

 

This CBA agreement between the Columbia University and the International Union is similar to a contract between management and labor. The trustees give the employees regulation to better their working environment. The agreement gives details on issues like security, sick leaves, strike, and others otherwise found on management and laborers contract.
This contract is detailed enough for logical interpretation. The consequences of any rule are well explained for the beneficiaries. This agreement gives each employee a chance to understand the contract. Every detail is well explained. For example, the case of resignation, an employee who wants to resign must give the university a two weeks’ notice and shall be entitled to receive payment of accrued vacation time. When he or she doesn’t give notice they are not entitled to any payment as this will be considered a breach of the agreement.
This agreement has its restrictions, but it also adds value to the workplace. For instance, in the case of a sick leave, an employee who has worked for only three months is not allowed to take paid sick leave.  While employees who feel that perhaps the pay, environment, or work conditions are not up to their expectations but cannot express their grievances through strikes instead have to use the union to be their representatives. The argument on wages encourages hard work. An employee who puts in a lot of extra time is compensated for his or her efforts through the base plus lump.  Also, the recall is where a laid off employee will be called back if there is an opportunity in the university considering his or her previous position. This provides encouragement for the employees.

 

What percentage of self-managed teams in the health care industry are successful?

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I want to write a paper on some aspect of management. An example of a good research question might be:

a)            What is the history of management theory?

b)            There have been many different management theories in the past 50 years. Which management theory was popular in 1990?

c)             How have current economic conditions in the United States affected the rise of self-managed teams in the health care industry?

d)            What percentage of self-managed teams in the health care industry are successful?

and 19 more questions

UCSP 615 class

Question 1                            0 / 1 point

 

I want to write a paper on some aspect of management. An example of a good research question might be:

                 

  1. a) What is the history of management theory?
  2. b) There have been many different management theories in the past 50 years. Which management theory was popular in 1990?
  3. c) How have current economic conditions in the United States affected the rise of self-managed teams in the health care industry?
  4. d) What percentage of self-managed teams in the health care industry are successful?

 

Question 2                            0 / 1 point

You are writing a graduate research paper about the use of computers to address issues in student attention spans. Which source is the most appropriate for further investigation?

  1. a) an article in Scholastic Parent and Child titled “She Won’t Sit Still!”, written by a clinical professor of psychiatry, behavioral science, and pediatrics at the George Washington University medical school
  2. b) a book titled 10 Days to a Less Distracted Child, written by an author who is also a licensed psychologist and whose work has been quoted on television and in multiple magazines
  3. c) an article titled “Dealing with the Students’ Attention Problem in Computer Supported Face-to-Face Lecturing,” published in the online Journal of Educational Technology & Society, written by researchers from the Department of Computer Science at the University of Chile
  4. d) none of the above

 

Question 3                            1 / 1 point

If you are doing research on health insurance and alternative therapies, the best database to consult would be __________.

  1. a) Education Research Complete
  2. b) CINAHL
  3. c) ScienceDirect
  4. d) Factiva

Question 4                            0 / 1 point

You are evaluating an article. Which of the following is NOT a criterion to use in deciding whether an article is worth considering for scholarly research?

  1. a) author credentials
  2. b) publication date
  3. c) peer review
  4. d) citation style

Question 5                            0 / 1 point

You find a well-designed website with a URL that ends in .org. The site supports your research on a controversial topic in finance. What is the most important step you should take?

  1. a) Verify the data found on the .org site in a library database that contains finance-related information.
  2. b) Try to find more reliable information on an .edu site.
  3. c) Confirm the author’s use of charts and graphs.
  4. d) none of the above

Question 6                            0 / 1 point

You find an image on the web without a copyright notice or owner listed, and you want to use it in your PowerPoint presentation for class. What is the policy that applies?

  1. a) You can use the image freely, because there is no copyright notice.
  2. b) You can use the image, but you need to cite the source.
  3. c) You can use the image freely, because no owner is listed for the image.
  4. d) You cannot use the image, because it belongs to the owner of the website.

 

Question 7                            0 / 1 point

You are writing a paper on women leaders in the field of information technology. Which of the following materials would you have to cite?

  1. a) information obtained from an online discussion with your professor from another course
  2. b) information paraphrased from a website
  3. c) information that is widely known, and considered “common knowledge”
  4. d) b and c
  5. e) a and b

Question 8                            0 / 1 point

You use the following article from CINAHL in your research paper: “The Social Context of Performance Appraisal and Appraisal Reactions: A Meta-Analysis,” by Shaun Pichler in Human Resource Management, September-October 2012, Vol. 51, Issue 5, pages 709-732. How would you cite this in APA format?

  1. a) Pichler, S. (2012). “The Social Context of Performance Appraisal and Appraisal Reactions: A Meta-Analysis.” Human Resource Management, 51(5), 709-732. Retrieved from CINAHL database.
  2. b) Pichler, S. (2012). The social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions: A meta-analysis. Human Resource Management, 51(5): 709-732. Retrieved from CINAHL database.
  3. c) Pichler, S. (2012). The social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions: A meta-analysis. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 709-€“http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21499
  4. d) Shaun Pichler, (2012). “The social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions: A meta-analysis.” Human Resource Management, 51(5): 709-732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21499

Question 9                            0 / 1 point

If you were researching telecommuting and its effect on productivity, and your search using the search term telecommuting produced too many irrelevant results, how might you change your search statement to cover the key concepts more thoroughly and find the most relevant search results?

  1. a) (telecommuting AND teleworking) AND (productivity OR output)
  2. b) (telecommuting AND teleworking) OR (productivity AND output)
  3. c) (telecommuting OR (teleworking AND productivity)
  4. d) (telecommuting OR teleworking) AND (productivity OR output)

 

Question 10                          1 / 1 point

According to the UMUC Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism policy, a student has 30 days to appeal a written sanction.

  1. a) True
  2. b) False

 

 

 

 

 

Question 11                          0 / 1 point

Practitioner knowledge and training, instead of scholarly research, are usually the focus of what type of resource?

  1. a) trade journal
  2. b) scholarly review
  3. c) popular magazine
  4. d) government website

Question 12                          0 / 1 point

You are doing research on the use of mobile technology, such as cell phones and PDAs, in patient care. Subject terms such as wireless communication and medical care would help to find relevant results in a health database such as Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition on this topic.