Bacteria, Viruses, and Health

Final Exam

April 2018

Instructor’s name: Mustafa Qasim

Student’s Name:

1. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

2. In order to overcome bacterial resistant on the previous question, we should; (more than one answer may apply)

a. Use a combination of Penicillin plus clavulanic acid

b. Give alternative medications like; cephalosporins, or aminoglycosides

c. Wait until the patient’s immune system kills the pathogen

d. Treat for the symptoms only

3. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

4. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

5. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

6. Bacterial resistance could be acquired by the transfer of plasmid during sexual reproduction or from one bacterial cell to another living in the same vicinity;

a. True

b. False

7. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Finding an alternative metabolic pathway

d. Production of efflux pumps

8. A type of cell receptors function in recognition of self by the individual’s immune system and is critical in blood transfusions or organ transplants;

1. MHC I

1. MHC II

1. MHC IX

1. None of the above

9. A type of cell receptors function in detecting foreign molecules and initiating an immune response;

1. MHC I

1. MHC II

1. MHC IX

1. HLA

10. Undifferentiated lymphocytes exist in;

1. Thymus gland

1. Bone marrow

1. Lymph nodes

1. The liver

11. Lymphocytes differentiate to T and B lymphocytes at;

1. Trachea and Brain

1. Tonsils and blood

1. Thymus and Bone marrow

1. Liver and heart

12. What type of immune cell first detects and processes antigens and foreign molecules;

1. Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

1. T lymphocytes

1. B lymphocytes

1. None of the above

13. A molecule that initiates an immune response with an active site for immune cell recognition is known as;

1. Immune misleader

1. Epitope

1. Immunoglobulin

1. Hapten

14. Antigen binding sites on immunoglobulins are located on the heavy chain only;

1. True

1. False

15. Memory cells are undifferentiated B lymphocytes;

1. True

1. False

16. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is composed of five subunits (pentamer) linked together by J-chains;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

17. A person with a hypersensitivity reaction. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes should be found elevated on the patient’s blood;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

18. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is produced later in infections;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

19. Immunoglobulins’ functions is to recognize, immobilize and neutralize antigens;

1. True

1. False

20. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is secreted at mucus membranes (salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, genitourinary tract…etc)

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

21. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is associated with basophiles and mast cells in blood;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

22. IgD immunoglobulins’ main function is triggering B cell activation.

1. True

1. False

23. In order to overcome bacterial resistant to penicillin, we should; (more than one answer may apply)

1. Use a combination of Penicillin plus clavulanic acid

1. Give alternative medications like; cephalosporins, or aminoglycosides

1. Wait until the patient’s immune system kills the pathogen

1. Treat for the symptoms only

24. Which of the following organisms produce the Panton-Valentine leucocidin;

a. E. coli

b. MRSA

c. Vibrio cholera

d. C. diff

25. The word “mycosis” refers to;

a. Bacterial infection

b. Viral infections

c. Fungal infection

d. Parasitic infection

26. Which of the following is a cell-wall deficient bacterium;

a. Staphylococcus aureus

b. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

c. Heamophilus influenza

d. E. coli

27. Which of the following pathogens causes gastritis and gastric ulcer

a. E. coli

b. H. pylori

c. S. typhi

d. E. faecium

28. A characteristic diarrhea that exhibits rice-water consistency and color is a typical symptom of ………………………….. infection.

a. E. coli

b. S. typhi

c. Shigella

d. Vibrio cholera

29. Viral infection characterized by projectile vomiting and is world wide spread

a. S. aureus

b. Norovirus

c. Herpesvirus

d. Campylobacter

30. Which of the following is a spirochete that is transmitted through intercourse;

a. Borrelia burgdorferi

b. Treponema pallidum

c. Neisseria gonorrhea

d. Chlamydia sp.

31. Which of the following sexually transmitted bacteria causes ophthalmia neonatorum;

a. Papillomavirus

b. HSV-2

c. Neisseria gonorrhea

d. Chlamydia sp.

32. Clostridium tetani causes ………………………… paralysis

a. Spastic

b. Flaccid

c. Degenerative

d. Trigeminal

33. Clostridium botulinum causes ……………………… paralysis

a. Spastic

b. Flaccid

c. Degenerative

d. Trigeminal

34. Trichomonas vaginalis is a ……………………….. that causes vaginitis

a. Virus

b. Bacteria

c. Fungi

d. Parasite

35. ……………………….. is a virus transmitted sexually and is associated with cervical cancer.

a. HSV-2

b. HIV

c. HPV

d. HSV-1

36. The harmful effect of Salmonella and Shigella infections is primarily due to;

a. Consumption of nutrients in GIT

b. Production of toxins by these bacteria

c. Immune reaction against the bacteria

d. Inhibition of absorption

37. Streptococcus species are classified based on ability to digest blood cells.

a. True

b. False

38. Aspergillus is a ………………………. that causes sinusitis or ear infections

a. Bacteria

b. Fungi

c. Parasite

d. Virus

39. Which of the following E. coli strains is characterized by severe hemorrhage

a. Enteropathogenic

b. Enterotoxogenic

c. Enterohemorrhagic

d. O157:H7

40. Bacillus anthracis may cause; skin, lung and GIT infections depending on route of transmission

a. True

b. False

Assay questions

41. Based on your search, briefly describe differences between gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls.

42. What are cytokines and chemokines and what is their role in immune responses.

43. Based on your search, briefly describe type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

44. Define the term “Satellite viruses” and give two examples of satellite viruses.

Virtual Lab: Sex-Linked Traits

Worksheet

1. Go to: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_06/index.html

2. Please make sure you have read through all of the information in the “Questions” and “Information” areas. If you come upon terms that are unfamiliar to you, please refer to your textbook for further explanation or search the word here:http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx

3. Next, complete the Punnett square activity by clicking on the laboratory notebook. Please be sure to note the possible genotypes of the various flies:

Female, red eyes	Female, red eyes	Female, white eyes	Male, red eyes	Male, white eyes

When you have completed the Punnett square activity, return to the laboratory scene to begin the actual laboratory activity.

4. In this exercise, you will perform a Drosophila mating in order to observe sex-linked trait transmission. Please click on the shelf in the laboratory. Here you will find vials of fruit flies. On the TOP shelf, please click on one of the female vials (on the left side) and then drag it to the empty vial on the shelf below. Please repeat this step using one of the male vials (on the right side). These flies will be used as the parental (P) generation. You may switch your parent choices at any time by dragging out old selections and dragging in new flies. Use the Punnett square below to predict the genotypes/phenotypes of the offspring (Note: refer to the genotype table you created above if needed):

Genotype: Phenotype:	Genotype: Phenotype:
Genotype: Phenotype:	Genotype: Phenotype:

___% Female, red eye ___% Female, white eye ___% Male, red eye ___% Male, white eye

When you are finished, click “Mate and Sort”.

5. You will now see information appear in the vials sitting on the next shelf below. These are the offspring of the parent flies you selected above, and they represent the first filial (F1) generation. In your “Data Table” on the bottom of the page and/or on Table I found at the end of this Worksheet, please input the numbers of each sex and phenotype combination for the F1 generation. These numbers will be placed into the first row marked “P generation Cross”.

6. You will next need to select one of the F1 female flies and one of the F1 male flies to create the second filial (F2) generation. Drag your selections down to the empty vial on the next shelf below and fill in the Punnett square below to predict the offspring:

Genotype: Phenotype:	Genotype: Phenotype:
Genotype: Phenotype:	Genotype: Phenotype:

___% Female, red eye ___% Female, white eye ___% Male, red eye ___% Male, white eye

After clicking “Mate and Sort”, you will now have information on their offspring (the F2 generation) to input into your “Data Table” or Worksheet below. This information will be placed into the second row marked “F1 generation Cross”.

NOTE: there are additional lines remaining to use if your instructor requires the analysis of additional crosses.

7. Please finish this exercise by opening the “Journal” link at the bottom of the page and answering the questions.

Table I:

Cross Type	Phenotype of Male Parent	Phenotype of Female Parent	Number of Red eye, Male Offspring	Number of White eye, Male Offspring	Number of Red eye, Female Offspring	Number of White eye, Female Offspring
P Generation Cross
F1 Generation Cross
P Generation Cross
F1 Generation Cross

Post-laboratory Questions:

1. Through fruit fly studies, geneticists have discovered a segment of DNA called the homeobox which appears to control:

a. Sex development in the flies

b. Life span in the flies

c. Final body plan development in the flies

2. The genotype of a red-eyed male fruit fly would be:

a. XRXR

b. XRXr

c. XrXr

d. A or B

e. None of the above

3. Sex-linked traits:

a. Can be carried on the Y chromosome

b. Affect males and females equally

c. Can be carried on chromosome 20

d. A and B

e. None of the above

4. A monohybrid cross analyzes:

a. One trait, such as eye color

b. Two traits, such as eye color and wing shape

c. The offspring of one parent

5. A female with the genotype “XRXr”:

a. Is homozygous for the eye color gene

b. Is heterozygous for the eye color gene

c. Is considered a carrier for the eye color gene

d. A and B

e. B and C

6. In T.H. Morgan’s experiments:

a. He concluded that the gene for fruit fly eye color is carried on the X chromosome

b. He found that his F1 generation results always mirrored those predicted by Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

c. He found that his F2 generation results always mirrored those predicted by Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

d. A and B

e. All of the above

7. In this laboratory exercise:

a. The Punnett square will allow you to predict the traits of the offspring created in your crosses

b. XR will represent the recessive allele for eye color, which is white

c. Xr will represent the dominant allele for eye color, which is red

d. All of the above

8. In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male, what percentage of the female offspring is expected to be carriers?

a. 0%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. 100%

9. In a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male:

a. All males will have red eyes

b. 50% of males will have white eyes

c. All females will have red eyes

d. 50% of females will have white eyes

10. In human diseases that are X-linked dominant, one dominant allele causes the disease. If an affected father has a child with an unaffected mother:

a. All males are unaffected

b. Some but not all males are affected

c. All females are unaffected

d. Some but not all females are affected

Journal Questions:

1. Explain why all mutations are not necessarily harmful.

2. Does changing the sequence of nucleotides always result in a different amino acid sequence? Explain.

3. Explain the differences between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.