Bacteria, Viruses, and Health

Bacteria, Viruses, and Health

Final Exam

April 2018

Instructor’s name: Mustafa Qasim

Student’s Name:

1. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

2. In order to overcome bacterial resistant on the previous question, we should; (more than one answer may apply)

a. Use a combination of Penicillin plus clavulanic acid

b. Give alternative medications like; cephalosporins, or aminoglycosides

c. Wait until the patient’s immune system kills the pathogen

d. Treat for the symptoms only

3. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

4. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

5. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Decreasing drug permeability

d. Production of efflux pumps

6. Bacterial resistance could be acquired by the transfer of plasmid during sexual reproduction or from one bacterial cell to another living in the same vicinity;

a. True

b. False

7. The following figure represents a resistance mechanism to antibacterial treatment. Which of the following best describes this resistance mechanism;

a. Production of different binding sites

b. Production of degrading enzyme

c. Finding an alternative metabolic pathway

d. Production of efflux pumps

8. A type of cell receptors function in recognition of self by the individual’s immune system and is critical in blood transfusions or organ transplants;

1. MHC I

1. MHC II

1. MHC IX

1. None of the above

9. A type of cell receptors function in detecting foreign molecules and initiating an immune response;

1. MHC I

1. MHC II

1. MHC IX

1. HLA

10. Undifferentiated lymphocytes exist in;

1. Thymus gland

1. Bone marrow

1. Lymph nodes

1. The liver

11. Lymphocytes differentiate to T and B lymphocytes at;

1. Trachea and Brain

1. Tonsils and blood

1. Thymus and Bone marrow

1. Liver and heart

12. What type of immune cell first detects and processes antigens and foreign molecules;

1. Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

1. T lymphocytes

1. B lymphocytes

1. None of the above

13. A molecule that initiates an immune response with an active site for immune cell recognition is known as;

1. Immune misleader

1. Epitope

1. Immunoglobulin

1. Hapten

14. Antigen binding sites on immunoglobulins are located on the heavy chain only;

1. True

1. False

15. Memory cells are undifferentiated B lymphocytes;

1. True

1. False

16. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is composed of five subunits (pentamer) linked together by J-chains;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

17. A person with a hypersensitivity reaction. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes should be found elevated on the patient’s blood;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

18. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is produced later in infections;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

19. Immunoglobulins’ functions is to recognize, immobilize and neutralize antigens;

1. True

1. False

20. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is secreted at mucus membranes (salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, genitourinary tract…etc)

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

21. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is associated with basophiles and mast cells in blood;

1. IgA

1. IgG

1. IgE

1. IgM

22. IgD immunoglobulins’ main function is triggering B cell activation.

1. True

1. False

23. In order to overcome bacterial resistant to penicillin, we should; (more than one answer may apply)

1. Use a combination of Penicillin plus clavulanic acid

1. Give alternative medications like; cephalosporins, or aminoglycosides

1. Wait until the patient’s immune system kills the pathogen

1. Treat for the symptoms only

24. Which of the following organisms produce the Panton-Valentine leucocidin;

a. E. coli

b. MRSA

c. Vibrio cholera

d. C. diff

25. The word “mycosis” refers to;

a. Bacterial infection

b. Viral infections

c. Fungal infection

d. Parasitic infection

26. Which of the following is a cell-wall deficient bacterium;

a. Staphylococcus aureus

b. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

c. Heamophilus influenza

d. E. coli

27. Which of the following pathogens causes gastritis and gastric ulcer

a. E. coli

b. H. pylori

c. S. typhi

d. E. faecium

28. A characteristic diarrhea that exhibits rice-water consistency and color is a typical symptom of ………………………….. infection.

a. E. coli

b. S. typhi

c. Shigella

d. Vibrio cholera

29. Viral infection characterized by projectile vomiting and is world wide spread

a. S. aureus

b. Norovirus

c. Herpesvirus

d. Campylobacter

30. Which of the following is a spirochete that is transmitted through intercourse;

a. Borrelia burgdorferi

b. Treponema pallidum

c. Neisseria gonorrhea

d. Chlamydia sp.

31. Which of the following sexually transmitted bacteria causes ophthalmia neonatorum;

a. Papillomavirus

b. HSV-2

c. Neisseria gonorrhea

d. Chlamydia sp.

32. Clostridium tetani causes ………………………… paralysis

a. Spastic

b. Flaccid

c. Degenerative

d. Trigeminal

33. Clostridium botulinum causes ……………………… paralysis

a. Spastic

b. Flaccid

c. Degenerative

d. Trigeminal

34. Trichomonas vaginalis is a ……………………….. that causes vaginitis

a. Virus

b. Bacteria

c. Fungi

d. Parasite

35. ……………………….. is a virus transmitted sexually and is associated with cervical cancer.

a. HSV-2

b. HIV

c. HPV

d. HSV-1

36. The harmful effect of Salmonella and Shigella infections is primarily due to;

a. Consumption of nutrients in GIT

b. Production of toxins by these bacteria

c. Immune reaction against the bacteria

d. Inhibition of absorption

37. Streptococcus species are classified based on ability to digest blood cells.

a. True

b. False

38. Aspergillus is a ………………………. that causes sinusitis or ear infections

a. Bacteria

b. Fungi

c. Parasite

d. Virus

39. Which of the following E. coli strains is characterized by severe hemorrhage

a. Enteropathogenic

b. Enterotoxogenic

c. Enterohemorrhagic

d. O157:H7

40. Bacillus anthracis may cause; skin, lung and GIT infections depending on route of transmission

a. True

b. False

Assay questions

41. Based on your search, briefly describe differences between gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls.

42. What are cytokines and chemokines and what is their role in immune responses.

43. Based on your search, briefly describe type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

44. Define the term “Satellite viruses” and give two examples of satellite viruses.