Describe the chi-square goodness-of-fit test.

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The purpose of this discussion is to allow you to consider how various non-parametric tests are used and how they compare to other tests with similar variables.  To do this, you will need to identify the appropriate application of course-specified statistical tests, examine assumptions and limitations of course-specified statistical tests, and communicate in writing critiques of statistical tests.

  • Describe the chi-square      goodness-of-fit test.
  • Provide a detailed explanation      of what this test measures, and how it is similar to and different from      the independent t-test and the chi-square test of independence.
  • How do you know when to use one      analysis over the other?  Provide a real-world example.Text

    Read from the course text, Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences :

    · Chapter 10: Nominal Data and the Chi-Square Tests: What Occurs Versus What is Expected

    Websites

    The Critical Thinking Community (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. (http://www.criticalthinking.org)

    · This website teaches and promotes the main tenets of critical thinking.  There are some excellent articles that can help you better understand what critical thinking is and how to utilize it in everyday life.

    · Accessibility Statement does not exist.

    · Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

    Recommended Resources

    Article

    Choudhury, A. (2009). Chi square test (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Retrieved from http://www.experiment-resources.com/chi-square-test.html

    · This article provides a detailed discussion of chi-square tests with examples and links to other resources.

    · Accessibility Statement does not exist

    · Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

    Gordon, R. J., Rosenheck, R. A., Zweig, R. A., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2012). Health and social adjustment of homeless older adults with a mental illness.. Psychiatric Services, 63(6), 561-568. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

    · This is an article on a social science issue regarding personality and homelessness. It is representative of an extensive series of analyses including chi-square.

    · Accessiblity Statement (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

    · Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

    Websites

    VassarStats: Website for Statistical Computation (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. (http://vassarstats.net)

    · This is website includes tools to calculate many of the statistical tests we cover in this course including t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression.  Each calculator includes a tutorial and/or walkthrough.

    Web Center for Social Research Methods (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. (http://socialresearchmethods.net)

    · This website includes links to numerous tools and tutorials relating to statistical concepts, calculations, and scale development.

Describe how you will use psychology in your personal life.

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Reflecting on the topics covered in this class and write a reflection that ties in the material learned to describe how topics will relate to different aspects of your life. In 750-1,000 words, consider the following:

  1. Describe how you will use psychology in your personal life.
  2. Describe how you will use psychology in your professional life.
  3. Describe how you will use psychology in your academic careers.
  4. Explain any overlap in any of the characteristics, including anything that applies to all three areas.

Use two to three scholarly resources to support your explanations. The textbook and other relevant resources should be cited when describing topics from the semester and how they apply to personal, professional, and academic careers.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Discussion: Designing Quantitative Research

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Researchers consider validity and reliability with each new study they design. This is because validity and reliability are not fixed but rather reflect a particular study’s unique variables, research design, instruments, and participants.

In the context of research design, two types of validity, which speak to the quality of different features of the research process, are considered: internal validity and external validity. Assuming that the findings of a research study are internally valid—i.e., the researcher has used controls to determine that the outcome is indeed due to manipulation of the independent variable or the treatment—external validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population or to other settings and groups. Reliability refers to the replicability of the findings.

For this Discussion, you will consider threats to internal and external validity in quantitative research and the strategies used to mitigate these threats. You will also consider the ethical implications of designing quantitative research.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 4

Post an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative research. Next, explain a strategy to mitigate each of these threats. Then, identify a potential ethical issue in quantitative research and explain how it might influence design decisions. Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a quantitative approach.

Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.Babbie, E. (2017) Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

· Chapter 3, “The Ethics and Politics of Social Research”

Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.

· Chapter 7, “Quality Considerations”

 

Babbie, E. (2017) Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Chapter 3, “The Ethics and Politics of Social Research”

Describe the impact of social context on conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors.

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  • Reflect on the following social media scenario:
    You are reading posts in your favorite social media site, when you come across a post by a 19-year-old male. He writes that he was raped at a party last night and he’s afraid they will post pictures of it online. He is contemplating suicide. You notice three types of behaviors in the comments to him:
  • a. A small group of individuals are using profanity and belittling him. They are encouraging him to commit suicide
  • b. A larger group of individuals are making supportive comments and providing the number for a crisis help line.
  • c. Many of his online followers have not responded to his post.
  • Think about how social psychology theories or principles could be applied to explain the types of comments made to the 19-year-old in the scenario.

Submit a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

  • Describe the impact of social context on conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors.
  • Explain how social psychology theories or principles could be applied to account for each of the responses in the scenario (e.g., which principles/theories could explain response type A; which principles/theories could explain response type B, and so on). Be sure to support your assertions with scholarly content.
  • Provide at least one recommendation to help reduce the derogatory comments or increase the number of supportive comments in the scenario, based on what you have learned about social psychology.