Which of the following persons is MOST likely to experience chronic stress?

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Question

(TCO 6) Which of the following situations is the BEST example of eustress?

Student Answer: Akiko is struggling to complete the last mile of her first triathlon.

Mose is performing his standard, moderate workout at the gym.

Alban just sprained his ankle playing a grueling tennis match.

Both Akiko and Mose best exemplify eustress.

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 3, p. 64

Points Received: 0 of 5

Comments:

Question 2. Question :

(TCO 6) Which of the following persons is MOST likely to experience chronic stress?

Student Answer: Zachary’s father died of a heart attack three weeks ago.

INCORRECT Junko has been in labor for 10 hours so far. (TCO )

Wen-Ho is stuck on a Los Angeles freeway at rush hour.

Paulette is shy and attending a new high school.

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 3

Points Received: 0 of 5

Comments:

Question 3. Question :

(TCO 6) The release of cortisol during the fight or flight response occurs at the end of the _____ pathway.

Student Answer: pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenal cortex

INCORRECT pituitary, adrenal cortex, hypothalamus

hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex

adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 3, p. 66

Points Received: 0 of 5

Comments:

Question 4. Question :

(TCO 6) Which of the following is among the characteristics associated with Type-A personality?

Student Answer: time urgency

patience

calm

relaxed

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 3, p. 70

Points Received: 5 of 5

Comments:

Question 5. Question :

(TCO 6) Primary appraisal refers to idea of ______________.

Student Answer: deciding if a stressor is harmful, threatening, or challenging

deciding what types of coping strategies are available

deciding to use defense mechanisms to deal with a stressor

deciding to directly deal with the stressor

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 3, p. 79

Points Received: 5 of 5

Comments:

Question 6. Question :

(TCO 4) Through a process called _____________, sensory stimuli are interpreted as distinct sensations because their neural impulses travel to different parts of the brain.

Student Answer: INCORRECT transduction

organization

coding

sensory reduction

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 4, p. 88

Points Received: 0 of 5

Comments:

Question 7. Question :

(TCO 4) Hyperopia (or farsightedness) results from images focused _____.

Student Answer: on the fovea

in front of the retina

behind the retina

on the rods

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 4, p. 92

Points Received: 5 of 5

Comments:

Question 8. Question :

(TCO 4) The sense of gustation is important from an evolutionary standpoint because __________.

Student Answer: it allows us to enjoy the food that we eat

it helps us stay away from foods that are harmful or toxic

it helps to enhance our sense of smell

a and b

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 4, p. 97

Points Received: 5 of 5

Comments:

Question 9. Question :

(TCO 4) Bodily posture, orientation, and movement information is provided to the brain by the _____ sense(s).

Student Answer: kinesthetic

vestibular

balance

a and b

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 4, p. 98

Points Received: 5 of 5

Comments:

Question 10. Question :

(TCO 4) An example of ___________ would be if after a month of having stuck a post-it note by your door to remind you of an appointment, you forgot the appointment,

Student Answer: sensory adaptation

selective perception

habituation

selective attention

Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 4, p. 100

Points Received: 5 of 5

Comments:

Question 11. Question :

(TCO 6 ) This question has three parts:

(A) Contrast emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies.

(B) What would be an effective emotion-focused coping strategy for someone trying to cope with the stress of taking this test? What would be an ineffective emotion-focused coping strategy?

(C) What would be an effective problem-focused coping strategy for someone trying to cope with the stress of taking this test? What would be an ineffective problem-focused coping strategy?

 

 

Psychology (Horney, Murray, Erikson)

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Henry Murray felt that in addition to our physiological needs, human beings have many emotional and psychological needs. Identify and describe three of Murray’s needs. How do these needs help to explain one’s personality and behaviors? Compose an assessment tool that Karen Horney and Henry Murray would use with a client. Identify some of the benefits of this tool. Are there any disadvantages? If so, explain how you may be able to overcome those challenges in this assessment tool?

 

Based on this information, develop a treatment plan for a client that is struggling with the Trust vs. Mistrust stage in Erikson’s theory of personality development. When developing the plan, be sure to include the following questions:

 

* What items would you want to focus on?

* Which assessment tool would you use?

* What types of goals would be appropriate for your client?

* How will this benefit your client?

 

Summarize how you think our culture, religion, and ethnicity may impact our personality development. Point out how this information changes the treatment plans you develop.

 

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The attached file contains 3 examples posted by other students

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QUESTION

Henry Murray felt that in addition to our physiological needs, human beings have many emotional and psychological needs. Identify and describe three of Murray’s needs. How do these needs help to explain one’s personality and behaviors? Compose an assessment tool that Karen Horney and Henry Murray would use with a client. Identify some of the benefits of this tool. Are there any disadvantages? If so, explain how you may be able to overcome those challenges in this assessment tool?

Based on this information, develop a treatment plan for a client that is struggling with the Trust vs. Mistrust stage in Erikson’s theory of personality development. When developing the plan, be sure to include the following questions:

* What items would you want to focus on?

* Which assessment tool would you use?

* What types of goals would be appropriate for your client?

* How will this benefit your client?

Summarize how you think our culture, religion, and ethnicity may impact our personality development. Point out how this information changes the treatment plans you develop.

 

 

 

EXAMPLES POSTED BY OTHER STUDENTS

EXAMPLE 1:

Henry Murray explained many emotional and psychological needs a person has.  Three that I find interesting are affiliation or the need to be near and enjoyably reciprocate with another, nurturance or the need to help, console, comfort and nurse the weak, and play which is defined as the need for enjoyment and fun (Friedman & Schustack, 2012).  I believe that in general, a parent tries to reinforce happiness, comfort and enjoyment for their child from the time it is born.  By doing so, they are creating a sense of compassion for others, reinforcing to do good towards your fellow man and to enjoy life.

The TAT, or Thematic Apperception Test, is a set of ambiguous pictures presented to a person who then composes a story about the picture based upon what one sees.  From the story, ones own needs are  projected upon (Friedman & Schustack, 2012).  This assessment tool could be used for a client to discover their basic insecurities and how they perceive themselves.  By associating the story one creates through viewing the photo, it may become clear how they perceive themselves and give an understanding of their personality – whether they are trusting, outgoing, introverted, etc.

In Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage, an infant whose mother does not reply to their cries of hunger or who is rarely held, learns to mistrust the world as an adult (Friedman & Schustack, 2012).  In helping a person through mistrust issues, the counselor would have to move slowly to gain the trust of their client.  Perhaps setting a small goal of, “if you can do “x” then I will do “z” for you”.  Have the client write down positives in their life to have a foundation to build trust in would be a good place to start.  If they can see at least some positive influences or steady relationship, they would have a better chance of trusting others.

Our culture, religion and ethnicity can have a great impact on our personality development.  The area we are raised in, our socio-economic status, whether we have a religious belief or not, etc., may give one a strong set of values or an outward look of nothing but despair.  Negativity and lack of moral values, added to mistrust issues, would be more difficult to treat as there is more than one issue to be dealt with when treating a client.

Reference

Friedman, H. & Schustack, M. (2012).  Personality: Classic theories and modern research.  (5th ed.).  Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXAMPLE 2:

Good morning Professor and classmates,

Three of Murray’s needs I chose are Affiliation, the need to be near and enjoyable reciprocate with another. the second I chose was Play, the need for enjoyment and fun and the third I chose was Exhibition, the need to be see and heard, to entertain and entice(Friedman and Schustack, 2012). These three needs explain a person’s behavior and personality in that it shows this person has a very trusting relationship with their parents especially their mother. In my opinion on trust vs. mistrust, it is the most important stage, it forms who the child becomes as an adult. My treatment plan for my client would include more interaction with their parents in a warm comforting environment. Alone time with each parent is equally important so that the parent can gain their child trust individually rather than just together so that the child can interact with them separately and trust them. Using Murray’s system of needs I would focus on succorance, affiliation and nurturance. I believe these three needs are important in my treatment plan for my client and their trust isssues. I do belieb=ve culture could effect my client’s trust issues but as long as the parents show the child a safe, loving, happy and fun environment then the child could see that culture is an outside effect and isn’t always influential on a child’s behavior.

Friedman, Howard S., and Miriam W. Schustack. Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research, Vitalsource for Kaplan University, 5th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2013.

 

 

 

 

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EXAMPLE 3:

To understand the different kinds of needs of Henry Murray, it is important to understand how Murray defined what a “need” is. The term need is use by Murray to describe “a readiness to respond in a certain way under given conditions” (Friedman & Schustack, 2012, p. 276). Murray’s needs remind me of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, with different needs grouped into categories. The three needs of Murray’s I chose are the need for succorance, the need for harm-avoidance, and the need for order. These needs seem to be most applicable to a child struggling with Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage of personality development. Succorance is the need to seek protection or sympathy (Heffner, 2015). A child has the need to be taken care of by his or her parents and depends on his or her parents for love and protection. The need for harm-avoidance is the need to avoid pain or injury (Heffner, 2015). A child depends on his or her parents to keep him or her from things that will cause pain; when a child is old enough to understand what causes pain (like a hot stove) the child will avoid these things. The need for order is the need of a child/person for organization and neatness (Friedman & Schustack, 2012).  A child needs organization and structure, a routine, which would allow the child anticipate what is going to happen next. An assessment tool that Horney and Murray would use with a client is a type of TAT test with dolls that represent the child, mother, father, and siblings (or the family members that would apply to the child). The TAT can ask the child to create a story using these dolls and examine the interaction to help form a “thema” for the child. Murray called a combination of “needs and presses typical for an individual” as his or her thema (Friedmand & Schustack, 2012, p. 325). A treatment plan for a child with issued from the trust vs. mistrust stage would focus on the needs of succorance, harm-avoidance, and order. Using this TAT, one could look into why the child feels unloved, unprotected, vulnerable to harm, or a chaotic schedule. Perhaps the parents don’t give enough attention to the child or maybe the child doesn’t know what is going to happen from one day to the next, so the child feels he or she cannot trust his or her parents. Getting to the root of why and how the child feels can help the child focus on being able to trust others.

Chris

Reference:

Friedman, H. & Schustack, M. (2012). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th

ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.

 

Heffner, C. (2015). Chapter 7: Section 3: Henry Murray and the TAT. AllPsych. Retrieved on June 6, 2015 from the World Wide Web:http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/murray/#.VXM1CthFDyU

Statistical Reasoning In Psychology PS/390 Assignment4

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1. A prison psychologist recorded the number of rule infractions for 15 prison inmates over a six-month period to be 5, 4, 2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 0, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, and 3.

 

a.                  Make a frequency table.

b.                  Make a histogram based on the frequency table.

c.                   Describe in words the shape of the histogram.

2. Identify and solve this problem by hand.

The head of public safety notices that the average driving speed at a particular intersection averages μ = 35 mph with a standard deviation of σ = 7.5 mph. After a school speed limit sign of 20 mph is placed at the intersection, the first 40 cars travel past at an average speed of 32 mph. Using the .01 significance level, was there a significant change in driving speed?

 

a.                  Sketch the distributions involved.

b.                  Figure the confidence limits for the 99% confidence interval.

 

3. A social psychologist gave a questionnaire about concern for farm workers to seven participants before and after they attended a film about union organization of farm workers. The results are shown below with high scores meaning high concern. Using the .05 significance level, do these results support the hypothesis that the film affected concern for the lives of farm workers?

Scores on the Concern Measure

Participant Before After

A                 17         20

B                   7           4

C                 10         11

D                 13         15

E                    8          5

F                     9         8

G                   11       14

a.                  Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

b.                  Figure the effect size and find the approximate power of this study.

 

4. A team of cognitive psychologists studying the effects of sleep deprivation on short-term memory decay had eight participants stay in a sleep lab for two days. Four participants were randomly assigned to a condition in which they were not permitted to sleep during that period, while the other four participants were allowed to sleep when they wanted to. At the end of the two days, the participants completed a short-term memory task that yielded the results in the table that follows. Using the .05 significance level, did sleep deprivation reduce short-term memory?

Mean Number of Letters Remembered

Sleep Deprived  Normal Sleep

7                       9

8                       8

7                      11

9                       7

a.      Create the appropriate graph for this problem.

b.      Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

c.       Figure the effect size.

 

Why is this an ethical dilemma?

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Respond to the following questions in 1,250 to 1,500 words.

 

 

 

    1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma?

       

       

       

       

       

    2. To what extent, if any, should Dr. Vaji consider Leo’s ethnicity in his deliberations? Would the dilemma be addressed differently if Leo self-identified as non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, on non-Hispanic Black?

       

       

       

       

       

    3. How are APA Ethical Standards 1.08, 3.04, 3.05, 3.09, 7.04, 7.05, and 17.05 relevant to this case? Which other standards might apply?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    1. What are Dr. Vaji’s ethical alternatives for resolving this dilemma? Which alternative best reflects the Ethics Code aspirational principle and enforceable standard, as well as legal standards and obligations to stakeholders?

 

    •  
    •  

       

       

    •  

 

    1. What steps should Dr. Vaji take to ethically implement his decision and monitor its effects?

       

 

 

Case 7. Handling Disparate Information for Evaluating Trainees

Rashid Vaji, Ph.D., a member of the school psychology faculty at a midsize university, serves as a faculty supervisor for students assigned to externships in schools. The department has formalized a supervision and evaluation system for the extern program. Students have weekly individual meetings with the faculty supervisor and biweekly meetings with the on-site supervisor. The on-site supervisor writes a midyear (December) and end of academic year (May) evaluation of each student. The site evaluations are sent to Dr. Vaji, and he provides feedback based on the site and his own supervisory evaluation to each student. The final grade (fail, low pass, pass, high pass) is the responsibility of Dr. Vaji.

Dr. Vaji also teaches the Spring Semester graduate class on “Health Disparities in Mental Health.” One of the course requirements is for students to write weekly thought papers, in which they are required to take the perspective of therapy clients from different ethnic groups in reaction to specific session topics. Leo Watson, a second-year graduate student is one of Dr. Vaji’s externship supervisees. He is also enrolled in the Health Disparities course. Leo’s thought papers often present ethnic-minority adolescents as prone to violence and unable to “grasp” the insights offered by school psychologists. In a classroom role-playing exercise, Leo “plays” an ethnic-minority student client as slumping in the chair not understanding the psychologist and giving angry retorts. In written comments on these thought papers and class feedback, Dr. Vaji encourages Leo to incorporate more of the readings on racial/ethnic discrimination and multicultural competence into his papers and to

provide more complex perspectives on clients.

 

One day during his office hours, three students from the class come to Dr. Vaji’s office to complain about Leo’s behavior outside the classroom. They describe incidents in which Leo uses derogatory ethnic labels to describe his externship clients and brags about “putting one over” on his site supervisors by describing these clients in “glowing” terms just to satisfy his supervisors’ “stupid liberal do-good” attitudes. They also report an incident at a local bar at which Leo was seen harassing an African American waitress using racial slurs.

 

After the students have left his office, Dr. Vaji reviews his midyear evaluation and supervision notes on Leo and the midyear on-site supervisor’s report. In his own evaluation report Dr. Vaji had written, “Leo often articulates a strong sense of duty to help his ethnic minority students overcome past discrimination but needs additional growth and supervision in applying a multicultural perspective into his clinical work.” The on-site supervisor’s evaluation states that Leo has a wonderful attitude towards his student clients . . . Unfortunately evaluation of his treatment skills is limited because Leo has had less cases to discuss than some of his peers since a larger than usual number of students have stopped coming to their sessions with him.

It is the middle of the Spring Semester, and Dr. Vaji still has approximately 6 weeks of supervision left with Leo. The students’ complaints about Leo, while more extreme, are consistent with what Dr. Vaji has observed in Leo’s class papers and role-playing exercises. However, these complaints are very different from his presentation during on-site supervision. If Leo has been intentionally deceiving both supervisors, then he may be more ineffective or harmful as a therapist to his current clients than either supervisor realized. In addition, purposeful attempts to deceive the supervisors might indicate a personality disorder or lack of integrity that if left unaddressed might be harmful to adolescent clients in the future.

Ethical Dilemma

Dr. Vaji would like to meet with Leo at minimum to discuss ways to retain adolescent clients and to improve his multicultural treatment skills. He does not know to what extent his conversation with Leo and final supervisory report should be influenced by the information provided by the graduate students.

 

Suggested Readings

Allen, J. (2007). A multicultural assessment supervision model to guide research and practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 248–258.

Boysen, G. A., & Vogel, D. L. (2008). The relationship between level of training, implicit bias, and multicultural competency among counselor trainees. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2, 103–110.

Dailor, A. N. (2011). Ethically challenging situations reported by school psychologists: Implications for training. Psychology in the Schools, 48, 619–631.

Gilfoyle, N. (2008). The legal exosytem: Risk management in addressing student competence problems in professional pspsychology training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2, 202–209.