Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death

          Maria is a sedentary, 68-year-old woman who is overweight. She complains that her hands and feet are always cold, and she tires quickly when cleaning the house. At her most recent visit to her doctor, her blood pressure was 184/98 mm Hg. She has edema around her ankles and legs, […]

Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance

            Marsha and Clement are both carriers of sickle cell anemia, a disease that is autosomal recessive. Their first child, Amelia, does not have the disease. Marsha and Clement are planning another pregnancy, but they are concerned about their second child having the condition. Clement’s father died from complications of […]

Genetic and Congenital Disorders

        Felicity is a very busy 29-year-old woman in a professional career. She has diabetes mellitus and is also pregnant for the first time. Because of her busy schedule, it was over 3 weeks after missing her menstrual cycle when she visited her family doctor to have the pregnancy confirmed. Felicity became […]

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

        Melissa is a 15-year-old high school student. Over the last week, she had been feeling tired and found it difficult to stay awake in class. By the time the weekend had arrived, she developed a sore throat that made it difficult to eat and even drink. Melissa was too tired to […]