· Describe how the articles build your argument for the proposed study you will conduct.

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Sample readings

Behaviorism

· Pavlov’s 1927 article “Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex,” on the Classics in the History of Psychology Web site.

· Watson’s 1913 article, “Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It,” from Psychological Review, volume 20, issue 2, pages 158–177.

Neobehaviorism

· Skinner’s 1950 article, “Are Theories of Learning Necessary?,” from Psychological Review, volume 57, issue 4, pages 193–216.

Psychoanalysis

· Freud’s 1910 article, “The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis,” from the American Journal of Psychology, volume 21, pages 181–218.

· Chapter 10, “General Description of the Types,” in Jung’s Psychological Types.

Humanistic Psychology

· Rogers’s 1946 article, “Significant Aspects of Client-Centered Therapy,” from American Psychologist, volume 1, issue 10, pages 415–422.

· Maslow’s 1943 article, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” from Psychological Review, volume 50, issue 4, pages 370–396.

Psychobiology

· Hebb’s 1955 article, “Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System),” from Psychological Review, volume 62, issue 4, pages 243–254.

Cognitive Psychology

· Miller’s 1956 article, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” from Psychological Review, volume 63, issue 2, pages 81–97.

ASSIGNMENT

RESEARCH TOPIC

The application of cognitive psychology in the treatment of individuals who deal with mental illness or trauma

Annotated Bibliography

The following are seminal articles for the schools of thought discussed in this course. Choose two schools of thought that fit with your specialization and research topic, and read the articles in that section using the Internet

Using the literature, you have found to support your research topic and associated school of thought, create an annotated bibliography of the evaluative type (for more information, see the Annotated Bibliography presentation in the Resources). The bibliography should include articles that support your topic and articles that demonstrate how the school of thought aligns with your topic. This bibliography will be used in the next unit to defend your school of thought choice.

To complete this assignment you will be expected to:

· Analyze scholarly articles that support your research topic and school of thought choice.

· Describe how the articles build your argument for the proposed study you will conduct.

· Create an annotated bibliography summarizing the articles.

· Include annotation that evaluates the ideas discussed for each resource.

Writing Requirements

· Length: Your annotated bibliography assignment should be 4–8 typed and double-spaced pages.

· References: Minimum of 10 peer-reviewed resources.

o Resources should be relevant to, and support, your research topic, and demonstrate that your choice of school of thought is appropriate.

· Formatting: Use correct APA style and formatting, paying particular attention to citations and references.

o Each resource should be listed in proper APA format and followed by an annotation that evaluates the ideas discussed.

o Do not summarize the article or provide details of the study it reports, et cetera. Rather, describe how the article helps you build your argument for the proposed study you will conduct.

· Font and font size: 12-point Times New Roman.

Review the Annotated Bibliography Scoring Guide to ensure you understand the grading criteria for this assignment.

Describe the factors limiting the internal validity of this study, and explain why those factors limit the ability to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect relationships.

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though data analysis occurs after the study has completed a data collection stage, the researcher needs to have in mind what type of analysis will allow the researcher to obtain an answer to a research question. The researcher must understand the purpose of each method of analysis, the characteristics that must be present in the study for the design to be appropriate and any weaknesses of the design that might limit the usefulness of the study results. Only then can the researcher select the appropriate design. Choosing the appropriate design enables the researcher to claim the data that is potential evidence that provides information about the relationship being studied. Notice that it is not the statistical test which tells us that research is valid, rather, it is the research design. Social workers must be aware of and adjust any limitations of their chosen design that may impact the validity of the study.

To prepare for this Discussion, review the handout, A Short Course in Statistics and pages 210–220 in your course text Social Work Evaluation: Enhancing What We Do. If necessary, locate and review online resources concerning internal validity and threats to internal validity. Then, review the “Social Work Research: Chi Square” case study located in this week’s resources. Consider the confounding variables, that is, factors that might explain the difference between those in the program and those waiting to enter the program.

Post2 to 3 pages) an interpretation of the case study’s conclusion that “the vocational rehabilitation intervention program may be effective at promoting full-time employment.” Describe the factors limiting the internal validity of this study, and explain why those factors limit the ability to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect relationships.

 

Required Readings

Dudley, J. R. (2014). Social work evaluation: Enhancing what we do. (2nd ed.) Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books.
Chapter 9, “Is the Intervention Effective?” (pp. 226–236: Read from “Determining a Causal Relationship” to “Outcome Evaluations for Practice”)

Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Read the following section:
“Social Work Research: Chi Square” (pp. 63–65)

Document: Stocks, J. T. (2010). Statistics for social workers. In B. Thyer (Ed.), The handbook of social work research methods (2nd ed., pp. 75–118). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (PDF)
Copyright 2010 by Sage Publications, Inc.
Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications, Inc. via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Internal validity. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php
Be sure to click on all the links in the narrative.

Explain the concept of generalization in regards to Watson and Rayner’s ability to condition Albert to react to different stimuli such as masks, other animals, and a fur coat?

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Week 3 Project: Essay—Little Albert and Classical Conditioning

There have been several classic experiments to study and describe classical conditioning; one of the more famous is the Little Albert experiment. Over the years, the experiment has lost some of its validity due to numerous interpretations by several introductory psychology textbooks. It is, therefore, beneficial to go back to the original (or primary) source and read what the authors of the experiment themselves had to say.

Copy and paste the following line in the South University Online Library Quick Search line: “conditioned emotional reactions” (in quotation marks).

The original article by Watson and Rayner was published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in 1920. There is a reprint of the original article which can be found in the South University Online Library. Here is the reference for the article reprint: Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2000). Conditioned Emotional Reactions. American Psychologist, 55(3), 313-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.3.313

Help finding article in Library

Read the article and answer the following questions:

  • In the study, what are unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR)?
  • Explain the concept of generalization in regards to Watson and Rayner’s ability to condition Albert to react to different stimuli such as masks, other animals, and a fur coat?
  • Using examples from the study, explain the concept of extinction.

Make sure you cite the article (see above for reference) you read as well as the textbook (used to explain classical conditioning).

Submit your essay in a Microsoft Word document to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned. Cite your sources on a separate page using the APA format.

Evaluate the program’s methods of marketing and advertising. Determine whether the program’s methods comply with ethical guidelines. Describe ways to ensure that their marketing is honest and transparent.

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Straighten Up Business Analysis

Read: Roller Bags Case Study

ROLLER BAGS: Lightening the Load All Over The World.

In 2002, Claude Ciseria started the Straighten Up program, the premise of which was to provide backpacks with rollers for children in need. For every roller bag sold, a free roller bag would be donated promoting Ciseria’s belief that the purpose of all humans is to help others and give to those less fortunate.

Why Roller Bags?

Ciseria asserts that children in many countries have to walk miles with either a heavy backpack that adds weight to their spine or carry heavy books and other items to school in their arms, also lending to curvature of the spine. Furthermore, this damage to the spine can have life-long damaging effects as the children move into adulthood. Ciseria’s idea to provide roller bags so that children can pull their books may prevent lifelong back pain.

The Spine

Prolonged carrying of backpacks can cause scoliosis or curvature of the spine. In children, progression can be an issue and may require the use of a brace. Additionally, chronic neck and shoulder pain starts in middle school and can cause the need for inflammatory drugs throughout adulthood.

Furthermore, the constant weight of backpacks actually causes the spinal cords to compress and cause significant back pain. Compressing the spine by carrying a heavy backpack can affect how tall you one will grow. The lumbar disks, located in the lower spine, contribute to about an inch of human height. When children carry an extremely heavy backpack, 5 days a week for years, the spine is compressed causing them to shrink more quickly.

Straighten Up Program

Roller bags are produced in Ethiopia, Cuba, and Somalia and are provided to children in 20 countries. An outside firm audits the factories to ensure that the workers receive a fair wage and that children are not being exploited.

The Straighten Up program had donated 1 million roller bags by 2008. There is also a segment of the program that returns to villages and replaces worn or damaged roller bags.

How Straighten Up Works

Ciseria and his partners first established partnerships with global humanitarian organizations that have a long history with the communities in which they serve. Using the criterion of economic, health, and educational conditions and the needs of the community, the program identifies communities with the most need. Straighten Up ensures that the program will not have a negative effect on local businesses and that the children who receive the roller bags also receive support with health and educational needs.

Critiques of the Program

There has been concern over whether Straighten Up hurts local businesses that also make bags or backpacks. Critical needs require donations, but long-term, it may be better to teach local businesses to make the roller bags and develop entrepreneurs who would generate revenue to help the community.

Additionally, as a privately held company, Straighten Up is not required to provide financial statements. It may be beneficial to customers and stakeholders to know how much it costs to make each roller bag, as well as how much it costs to give away each bag. Without transparent financial reports, the program has been criticized as being more or a marketing ploy than a corporate social responsibility program.

Imagine you are an I/O psychologist and have been asked to evaluate this company.

Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word formal evaluation of this company. Include the following:

  • Outline the stakeholders of the organization, and identify ways for managing them.
  • Describe the ethical business practices this program encompasses. Explain how these business practices are similar to or different from ethical business practices in the United States.
  • Explain organizational community responsibility, and justify whether this program complies with this requirement.
  • Describe recommendations for ethical business sustainability practices to meet the needs of the future.
  • Recommend strategies, based on psychological concepts, for ethically addressing employee- and consumer-related concerns. Describe how this feedback can be implemented in the program.
  • Evaluate the program’s methods of marketing and advertising. Determine whether the program’s methods comply with ethical guidelines. Describe ways to ensure that their marketing is honest and transparent.

Include a minimum of three scholarly peer-reviewed sources.

Format your paper according to APA guidelines.