Question 1

 

 

Learning is best defined as

a.   any change in behavior.

b.   a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.

c.   a permanent change in behavior due to physical development.

d.   any change in behavior caused by repeating a response.

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 2

 

 

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of

a. motivation.

b. maturation.

c. experience.

d. fatigue.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 3

 

 

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

a. operant conditioning.

b. reinforcement.

c. classical conditioning.

d. vicarious conditioning.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 4

 

 

Children tend to imitate the violence portrayed in

a.   live and televised professional wrestling matches.

b.   rap music.

c.   video games.

d.   all of these.

 

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 5

 

 

Which of the following statements concerning television and

video game effects on aggression is TRUE?

a. Television and video game violence has little effect on permanent behavior.

b. Television and video game violence causes violent behavior.

c. Television and video game violence can make aggression more likely.

d. After watching television or playing a violent video game, only young children show an increase in aggression, not adolescents

and adults.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 6

 

 

The term personality refers to

a.   the hereditary aspects of one’s emotional nature.

b.   unique and enduring behavior patterns.

c.   favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics.

d.   charisma, character, or temperament.

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 7

 

 

All your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are make up your

a. superego

b. id

c. reality principle

d. self-concept.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 8

 

 

Which of the following theories focuses on the inner workings of personality,

especially internal conflicts and struggles?

a.  humanistic theories

b.  psychodynamic theories

c.  behavioristic theories

d.  trait theories

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 9

 

 

The theories that place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning are the ________ theories of personality.

a.  humanistic

b.  psychodynamic

c.  behavioristic

d.  cognitive

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 10

 

 

Freud became interested in the study of personality when he realized that

 

a.   his patients lacked physical causes for their problems.

b.   the treatment of psychological disorders was more advanced than those for  physical disorders.

c.   many of his patients were faking symptoms.

d.   no comprehensive theories of the mind were widely accepted.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 11

 

 

According to Freud, the use of mental processes to deny, distort, or otherwise block out sources of

threat to the ego and anxiety are referred to as

 

a.  the pleasure principle.

b.  self-efficacy.

c.  congruence.

d.  defense mechanisms.

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 12

 

 

According to humanistic psychologists, to be happy, we need to feel that our behavior accurately expresses who we are; that is, ________ is vital for healthy functioning.

a. being authentic

b. incongruence

c. fixation

d. alienation

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 13

 

 

The psychiatrist that first proposed that people are either introverts or extroverts was

a. Abraham Maslow.

b. Carl Jung.

c. Sigmund Freud.

d. B. F. Skinner

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 14

 

 

Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must

 

a.   block, deny, or distort experiences that are threatening to our self-image.

b.   care more about our looks

c.   be true to ourselves, even if we have to ignore the feelings of others.

d.   accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible.

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 15

 

 

According to behavioristic theorists, barriers to personal  growth include ________, while psychoanalytic

theorists view ________ as barriers to personal growth.

a.   unhealthy traits; maladaptive habits

b.   conditions of worth; unhealthy traits

c.   maladaptive habits; unconscious conflicts

d.   conditions of worth; incongruence

 

 

 

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 16

 

 

According to research, the best way to overcome shyness is to

a.   enhance social skills.

b.   lower anxiety by accepting that shyness is an inherited problem.

c.   learn to enjoy solitude.

d.  change your style of dress.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 17

 

 

What percentage of American adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year?

a.   5 percent

b.   10 percent

c.   25 percent

d.   40 percent

 

 

 

 

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 18

 

 

The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of mental, emotional, and  behavioral disorders and the disorders themselves is called

a. psychosis.

b. neurosis.

c. psychopathology.

d. neuropathology.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 19

 

 

Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world, are known as

a.  delusions.

b.  illusions.

c.  hallucinations.

d.  paradoxical intentions.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 20

 

 

Regarding adjustment disorders and anxiety disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. The outward symptoms of adjustment disorders and anxiety disorders are similar.

b. Rest, sedation, and counseling are often sufficient to relieve the symptoms of adjustment disorders.

c. People with adjustment disorders are faking and generate their own misery.

d. The term nervous breakdown has no formal meaning but comes closest to the clinical diagnosis of an adjustment disorder.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 21

 

 

The judgment that a person’s behavior is abnormal is made on the basis of which two core features?

a.   maladaptiveness and loss of control over thoughts and behaviors

b.   social noncomforming behavior that must be annoying to a majority of the population

c.   a lack of consistent happiness and sociability in one’s life

d.   behavior as evaluated by the person’s age and culture

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 22

 

 

The system used in the United States and Canada to classify psychological problems

a.   is the Freudian Psychoanalytic System (FPS).

b.   is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV)

c.   was designed by Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler.

d.   is to be found in the Federal Uniform Code of Psychopathology (UCP).

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 23

 

 

The most severe psychological disorders, which often lead to hospitalization, are

a.   personality disorders.

b.   psychosomatic illnesses.

c.   anxiety disorders.

d.   psychotic disorders.

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 24

 

 

Social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia are classified as

a.  adjustment disorders.

b.  anxiety disorders.

c.   moderate mood disorders.

d.   somatoform disorders.

 

 

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 25

 

 

John stays in a chronic state of tension and constantly worries about his job and his family. He often experiences

profuse sweating, a racing heart, rapid breathing, and an upset stomach. There is a good chance that he is experiencing

a. a generalized anxiety disorder.

b. clinical depression

c. psychosis.

d. multiple personality disorder

a.

b.

c.

d.

4 points

Question 26

 

Question 1. 1. Sex researchers William Masters and Virginia Johnson found that, although the sequence of phases of the sexual response cycle is similar for men and women, men are more variable, tending to respond more slowly but often remaining aroused longer than women. (Points : 1) [removed]True [removed]False

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Question 2. 2. Suppose that groups of young Black and White women are asked to rate photographs of thin, average, and large models on dimensions such as attractiveness, and to rate themselves on how comfortable they are with their own body sizes. It is most likely that the ________ females will give the large models lower ratings and the ________ women will be more comfortable with their own body sizes. (Points : 1) [removed]White; Black [removed]White; White [removed]Black; White [removed]Black; Black

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Question 3. 3. Alfred Kinsey is best known in the history of sexual research for his (Points : 1) [removed]recordings of human sexual intercourse under laboratory conditions. [removed]large-scale interviews of Americans about their sexual behavior. [removed]development of an evolutionary theory of human sexuality. [removed]controversial theories of erotic attraction.

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Question 4. 4. Based on his pioneering research on hunger, Walter Cannon concluded that (Points : 1) [removed]peripheral cues for hunger are secondary to central brain mechanisms. [removed]pressure stimulates the production of enzymes in the stomach. [removed]stomach cramps are responsible for hunger. [removed]stomach cramps are a necessary cue, but not a sufficient cue for hunger.

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Question 5. 5. A student believes that her inability to make the cheerleading team is due to a coach who is biased. According to Fritz Heider, she will probably (Points : 1) [removed]try even harder next time she tries out for the team. [removed]not be affected by this experience. [removed]make an attribution to dispositional forces next time. [removed]give up trying to make the cheerleading team.

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Question 6. 6. In the approach of Clark Hull with respect to biological conditions, organisms seek to increase tension or avoid homeostasis. (Points : 1) [removed]True [removed]False

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Question 7. 7. Why do homosexuals often experience social distress? (Points : 1) [removed]They cannot speak openly about their lives. [removed]They are accepted by their relatives and friends. [removed]Society looks up to them. [removed]They feel very proud of themselves.

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Question 8. 8. The work of pioneering physiologist Walter Cannon conclusively demonstrated that gastric activity in an empty stomach is the sole basis for hunger. (Points : 1) [removed]True [removed]False

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Question 9. 9. A proponent of the “contact hypothesis” would likely attempt to reduce the hostility that two groups show toward each other by (Points : 1) [removed]encouraging personal interaction between the members of the hostile groups in the pursuit of shared goals. [removed]reducing the amount of contact between members of the hostile groups. [removed]increasing any in-group bias that might be present within the groups. [removed]increasing the resources that are available to the groups.

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Question 10. 10. Based on the research of Irving Janis, if you want to prevent groupthink from occurring in groups in which you are working, you should (Points : 1) [removed]make sure the group is highly cohesive. [removed]encourage dissent within the group. [removed]insulate the group from expert opinion. [removed]rely on a strongly directed leader.

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Question 11. 11. People who have an interdependent concept of the self are more likely to experience cognitive dissonance than people who have an independent self-concept. (Points : 1) [removed]True [removed]False

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Question 12. 12. Which of the following scenarios is an example of instrumental aggression? (Points : 1) [removed]The teacher becomes angry at her class and throws an eraser at one child. [removed]A girl hits a boy because the boy is calling her names. [removed]A group of adolescents ridicules the least popular kid in their class. [removed]A hockey player injures an opponent so that his own team will win the game.

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Question 13. 13. When you answer the doorbell, you encounter a young person who hands you a free laminated bookmark and then asks whether you would be interested in subscribing to some magazines. This person is using the sales technique based on (Points : 1) [removed]self-perception. [removed]commitment. [removed]the reciprocity norm. [removed]scarcity.

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Question 14. 14. Racism is best defined as (Points : 1) [removed]discrimination against people based on their skin color or ethnic heritage. [removed]stereotyping people on the basis of personality traits. [removed]evaluation of one’s own group as better than others. [removed]categorizing people into groups based on genetic factors.

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Question 15. 15. When a person holds an attitude, (Points : 1) [removed]the attitude is usually overt and verifiable by others. [removed]the person may not be consciously aware of the particular attitude he or she holds. [removed]the person’s behavior will not be affected by the attitude. [removed]the attitude will be unrelated to how the person structures his or her social reality.

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Question 16. 16. In order for a person who holds a false belief to be labeled as prejudiced, the false belief must (Points : 1) [removed]be unconscious. [removed]lead to an attitude of preference toward another human being. [removed]resist change even in the face of evidence against its validity. [removed]be based on cultural norms of proper behavior.

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Question 17. 17. Psychologists identify three types of information that give rise to attitudes. All of the following are suggested as a type of such information EXCEPT for which one? (Points : 1) [removed]vicarious [removed]cognitive [removed]behavioral [removed]affective

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Question 18. 18. Based on the theory of Leon Festinger, the state of conflict that someone experiences after taking an action, making a decision, or being exposed to information that is contrary to his or her beliefs is known as (Points : 1) [removed]moral anxiety. [removed]cognitive dissonance. [removed]behavioral disconfirmation. [removed]dispositional attribution.

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Question 19. 19. The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to overestimate ________ factors and to underestimate ________ factors. (Points : 1) [removed]dispositional; situational [removed]situational; dispositional [removed]distinctive; dispositional [removed]incorrect; situational

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Question 20. 20. A girl likes a boy and he finds out about her feelings. If this girl and boy are similar to most people, it can be predicted that the boy will develop the same feelings for the girl, based on the idea of (Points : 1) [removed]normative influence. [removed]reciprocity. [removed]similarity. [removed]physical attractiveness.