In responding to our classmates, comment on how their proposed applications of these concepts will affect their lives. Address any gaps you see in their reasoning, but be sure to substantiate your comments with citations from the textbook, the video, or from other research you have done in the course.

Esther post

How does thinking about goals differently (performance versus learning) affect performance and success?

Performance vs learning can affect performance and success very differently for each person. Each person can look at a situation with different goals. While one person may look at a situation and try to learn as much as possible to achieve their goal, the other person may focus more on their performance while getting to that goal. The example that the book “Personality: Theory and Research” has is a perfect way to describe the difference;

Suppose that you are working on a group project and are about to present your part of the project to others in the group who will discuss its strong and weak points. Right before the presentation, you might focus your attention on how their feedback will provide information that can help you to improve your work. If so, you have a learning goal: You are striving to learn from others, in order to increase your ability and achievement. Alternatively, you might focus on the personal impression you’ll make on the other people; you might try to “look smart” and to avoid doing anything that will make you look stupid. If so, you would have a performance goal: the aim of “putting on a good performance” for others who will be evaluating your abilities. (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 367)

Do you believe, as the socio-cognitive theorists do, that all learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior?

Yes, I believe that all learning occurs in a social context involving the person, environment, and behavior. The socio-cognitive theorists believed that we as a person can learn through our environment and through positive reinforcement, behaviors etc. can be changed.

How can you apply these findings to your education, work, or personal life?

For me, positive reinforcement is an important part of who I am as a person and as a mom. I have a 4 year old boy who thrives on positive reinforcement. Because of the TED Talk video of Carol Dweck, I have a new understanding of positive reinforcement. The “not yet” theory is amazing. I don’t want to raise my kids to receive positive reinforcement for achieving and getting things “right”. I want them to feel as if they are achieving their goal through effort and determination. I think a great example that this works is that I am always striving to incorporate the professor’s feedback as I get my grades back. This shows me that I have worked hard, and that I will always have room to grow.

Catherine post

How does thinking about goals differently (performance versus learning) affect performance and success?

Thinking about goals in terms of learning versus performance can have extremely different results in terms of performance and achievements.  When we start to think about achieving goals it is important to factor in terms of personal fulfillment. In our careers the value of

learning should be most important and part of our personal goals.  A lot of young people go to school to socialize and learning becomes secondary. Some would argue, as long as they look good and are popular, then all they need is a passing grade. However, there are students more

focused on succeeding and achieving. These students believe that they can excel by educating themselves. These students are more concerned with learning goals, whereas the social student is more interested in performance goals. (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 368). Performance goals involve performing to the best of your ability. You want your abilities to show. Working on performance goals can be more stressful because some worry about how they are perceived which takes away from learning.

The two goals affect performance and success depending on what your views on intelligence is and how it’s related to your performance or learning goal. People who believe that intelligence levels are fixed believe in entity theory and those “who believe that intelligence is a gradual believe in incremental theory” (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 368). In Dweck’s research she was able to show that, “those who had performance goal scored less or lower than those with goal performance due to their level of anxiety or expectation, they tend to suffer high “test anxiety” (Dweck 2014). Dweck research suggested that, “praise should be specific, and it should point out behavior that influences outcomes” (Dweck 2014).  For example, praising my nephews study skills, will help him to focus on the skills he can influence, whereas praising his intelligence on something he can’t change, leaves him without a way to influence a positive outcome.

Do you believe, as the socio-cognitive theorists do, that all learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior?

I do believe that social cognitive theory applies to learning under the context that it can affect our behavior through environmental and social factors. “Bandura who created the concept of social cognitive theory believed that we change our behavior through constant reinforcement for a goal directed behavior” (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 331). Bandura was able to illustrate that, “child A will eventual learn through process of learning over the behavior over and over again until eventually over time child A realizes that he would get desired reinforcement quicker through compliance” (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 332-333). Remaining consistent and integrating constant reinforcement will prove to brings success.

How can you apply these findings to your education, work, or personal life?

These findings can be applied to my learning and performance goals, through the facts and feedback received from fellow students, my teachers and, my peers and my boss. This feedback is specific and helps me see which area needs improvement and which exceed expectations. I appreciate any help provided to me and appreciate other points of views; I might have overlooked. Feedback helps me to improve as a learner and allows me to create better performance goals.

1. (TCO 1) The idea that depression is influenced by genetics, and neurotransmitters, learned responses and thinking patterns, and socioeconomic status and culture represents the _____ model of psychology. (Points : 5) [removed] psychiatric [removed] evolutionary [removed] biopsychosocial [removed] eclectic

 

Question 2. 2. (TCO 2) In a case study, a researcher is most likely to _____. (Points : 5) [removed] interview many research subjects who have a single problem or disorder [removed] conduct an in-depth study of a single research participant [removed] choose and investigate a single topic [removed] All of the above

 

Question 3. 3. (TCO 3) This neurotransmitter’s major role is to inhibit neural transmissions in the central nervous system. (Points : 5) [removed] Acetylcholine [removed] Dopamine [removed] GABA [removed] Norepinephrine

 

Question 4. 4. (TCO 3) What is a small structure that maintains homeostasis and regulates emotions and drives such as hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression? (Points : 5) [removed] Hypothalamus [removed] Hippocampus [removed] Pituitary gland [removed] Thalamus

 

Question 5. 5. (TCO 4) When we organize patterns in order to perceive an entire stimulus, rather than just its parts, we are using _____ principle of perception. (Points : 5) [removed] the wholistic [removed] Wundt’s [removed] the Gestalt [removed] the closure

 

Question 6. 6. (TCO 4) In the Ames room, people appear to grow larger or smaller as they walk from one side of the room to the other because (Points : 5) [removed] retinal disparity occurs. [removed] accommodation cannot be determined without movement by the people. [removed] people’s expectations of the room being square in shape are violated. [removed] there is a lack of reference cues to judge the height of people.

 

Question 7. 7. (TCO 5) Biological rhythms that occur on a daily basis are called _____ rhythms. (Points : 5) [removed] circuitous [removed] chronobiology [removed] calendrical [removed] circadian

 

Question 8. 8. (TCO 5) REM sleep is also called _____ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep. (Points : 5) [removed] pseudo-sleep [removed] paradoxical sleep [removed] hypnogogic sleep [removed] transitional sleep

 

Question 9. 9. (TCO 5) Psychoactive drugs can _____. (Points : 5) [removed] alter the production of neurotransmitters [removed] can alter the transmissions between neuropeptides [removed] prevent or mimic the reception of neurotransmitters on the next neuron [removed] A and C

 

Question 10. 10. (TCO 6) In Selye’s general adaptation syndrome theory of stress, the initial response of the autonomic nervous system to a stressor occurs in the _____ phase. (Points : 5) [removed] resistance [removed] primary response [removed] global responsiveness [removed] alarm reaction

 

Question 11. 11. (TCO 6) Hardiness is _____. (Points : 5) [removed] based on genetics [removed] learned [removed] undesirable [removed] positively correlated with cancer and heart disease

 

Question 12. 12. (TCO 6) People with cynical hostility have more interpersonal conflicts that can lead to _____. (Points : 5) [removed] an increase in autonomic activation [removed] a decrease in autonomic activation [removed] an increase risk of cardiovascular disease [removed] A and C

 

Question 13. 13. (TCO 7) A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n) _____. (Points : 5) [removed] conditioned stimulus [removed] primary reinforcer [removed] secondary reinforcer [removed] classical stimulus

 

Question 14. 14. (TCO 7) The addition of a(n) _____ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the subtraction of a(n) _____ stimulus results in negative reinforcement. (Points : 5) [removed] desirable; painful or annoying [removed] primary; secondary [removed] operant; classical [removed] higher order; lower order

 

Question 15. 15. (TCO 8) Your textbook suggests that you should develop _____ in order to better learn the material in this course. (Points : 5) [removed] hierarchies [removed] artificial concepts [removed] natural concepts [removed] prototypes

MC 2 of 2

Question 1. 1. (TCO 8) Which of the following did Robert Sternberg emphasize in his triarchic theory of intelligence? (Points : 5) [removed] Process rather than product [removed] Application of mental abilities to real-life situations [removed] Kinesthetic abilities [removed] Both A and B   Question 2. 2. (TCO 9) Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____. (Points : 5) [removed] reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency [removed] increased behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency [removed] increased behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency [removed] reduced behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency   Question 3. 3. (TCO 9) Which of the following is not true of a person who is high in nAch? (Points : 5) [removed] They are not concerned with feedback about their performance. [removed] They like moderately difficult tasks. [removed] They take responsibility for their actions. [removed] They do better in their professions.   Question 4. 4. (TCO 10) Which one of these factors does not endanger the prenatal infant? (Points : 5) [removed] Malnutrition [removed] Paternal factors [removed] Stress Factors [removed] Maternal Factors   Question 5. 5. (TCO 10) _____ occurs when existing schemas are used to interpret new information, whereas _____ involves changes and adaptations to existing schemas to make sense of new information. (Points : 5) [removed] Adaptation; accommodation [removed] Adaptation; reversibility [removed] Egocentrism; postschematization [removed] Assimilation; accommodation   Question 6. 6. (TCO 10) What conclusions can be drawn from infant-attachment and adult relationship studies? (Points : 5) [removed] Poor attachment in infancy causes poor adult relationships. [removed] Early attachment is likely to predict adult relationship styles. [removed] Infant attachment determines adult relationship patterns. [removed] Attachment is unlikely to predict adult relationship styles.   Question 7. 7. (TCO 10) In Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a personal identity is dependent upon resolving which of the following prior challenges? (Points : 5) [removed] Generativity versus stagnation [removed] Ego integrity versus despair [removed] Autonomy versus shame and doubt [removed] Intimacy versus isolation   Question 8. 8. (TCO 11) The part of the psyche that Freud thought was the reservoir of mental energy is the _____. (Points : 5) [removed] unconscious [removed] preconscious [removed] id [removed] ego   Question 9. 9. (TCO 11) Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child’s uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally. (Points : 5) [removed] permissive parenting [removed] a challenging environment [removed] unconditional positive regard [removed] a friendly neighborhood   Question 10. 10. (TCO 12) Lola has not been able to control her worries for the last 6 months, and complains of insomnia and headaches. It is likely that Lola has _____. (Points : 5) [removed] panic attacks [removed] generalized anxiety disorder [removed] obsessive-compulsive disorder [removed] hysteria   Question 11. 11. (TCO 12) Brenda has been up for days, and forgot to pay the rent but is handing out money to the homeless in frigid temperatures. When a police officer tries to talk to her about why she is wearing only a thin t-shirt and pajamas in the cold, she rapidly answers, but her thoughts are flying from one idea to another. The police officer would be correct in suspecting that Brenda has _____. (Points : 5) [removed] drug-induced multiple personalities [removed] a personality disorder [removed] a bipolar disorder [removed] hypothermic shock   Question 12. 12. (TCO 12) Ellis’ therapy emphasizes _____ irrational beliefs, which cause changes in maladaptive emotions. (Points : 5) [removed] identifying [removed] uncovering [removed] disputing [removed] revealing   Question 13. 13. (TCO 12) A client just reports to his therapist that he has cheated on his wife. The therapist refrains from making any character judgments about his patient. This represents _____. (Points : 5) [removed] active listening [removed] unconditional positive regard [removed] genuineness [removed] empathy   Question 14. 14. (TCO 13) The tendency to focus on the most noticeable factors when explaining the cause of behavior is called the _____ bias. (Points : 5) [removed] obvious [removed] just noticeable difference [removed] saliency [removed] pseudo-reality   Question 15. 15. (TCO 13) Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that after Lamar bought a Yugo instead of a Ford, he would _____. (Points : 5) [removed] regret his decision [removed] complain about the Ford features he couldn’t get with his Yugo [removed] notice the problems with his Yugo that he ignored before [removed] focus on the positive features of his Yugo

Essays

Question 1. 1. (TCO 7) Describe each of the following five theories of forgetting, and include examples to illustrate each one: decay theory, interference theory, motivated forgetting, encoding failure, and retrieval failure theory. (6 points each) (Points : 30)

2. (TCO 9) (a) Describe the three main components of emotional intelligence, and (b) give an example of how each component is essential for successful interactions with others. (10 points each) (Points : 30)

3. (TCO 11) In your own words, (a) give an overview of humanistic psychology’s theory of personality (6 points). Also in your own words (b) describe and explain the humanistic terms self-concept, congruence, unconditional positive regard, and self-actualization. (6 points each)  (Points : 30)

4. (TCO 12) (a) Define group therapies (5 points), and (b) describe three advantages of this kind of therapy (5 points). (c) Differentiate between group therapy, self-help groups and family therapy, and provide examples of when the latter two therapies are most effective. (10 points for the differentiation and 10 points for the examples) (Points : 30)

 

Question 5. 5. (TCO 13) In your own words (a) define aggression (6 points), and (b) describe five biological factors (3 points each) and three psychosocial factors that may contribute to its expression. (3 points each) (Points : 30)