Decide which of the following is an act of aggression (please read in your text about aggression and what an actual “act” of aggression would be):

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Answer in complete sentences

Chapter Lecture Activity

1. Explain Erikson’s stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion. How can you identify with this stage (either currently or in your past)?

2. Explain Erikson’s stage Intimacy vs. Isolation. How can you identify with this stage?

3. What is Emerging Adulthood? What are some factors that have contributed to this new stage of development? Do you agree with its addition? Why or why not?

 

4.  Read the article and review the material within this link https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-eye-contact-baby-synchronise-brainwaves.html

5.  Write a summary of all of the material within the folder you choose. Write from a scientific perspective. Do NOT include personal feelings or religion.  (300 words minimum) 

6. In addition to your summary, use the following sentence stems to write this portion.

I did not know …

I was surprised to learn …

It is amazing that …

7. Using information discussed in your text, explain why using concrete rewards to increase adaptive behaviors could be disadvantageous for children who are intrinsically motivated to learn. 

8. Explain the importance, as you see it, of knowing that sexual motivation and sexual ability are located in different parts of the brain. What can we do with this knowledge?

9. The index that is often used to classify people as belonging to various weight groups is called BMI. Give that BMI is calculated solely on weight and height how could it be misleading? What are some implications (in medical and insurance fields, for example) of using this measure. What type of measure might be better?

 10. Follow the link “Motivation and Needs Assessment” and click “Take the test” (this should take less than 30 min)     https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/tests/personality/motivation-needs-test

11. Copy and paste you snapshot report

12. Did your results surprise you? Do you agree with the results? Why or why not? Explain what you think the results mean? (minimum 200 words)

 13. For each of the three attitude items below, indicate your response on a scale of 1 to 5

(1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree).

1.Poverty in our country is a serious problem.

2.Pollution is one of the biggest issues confronting today’s world.

3.Freedom of speech is one of the most important rights that we have as Americans.

14. Answer the following:

a.Do you personally do anything to lessen poverty in our country (e.g., donate money to a shelter or charitable organization)? Why or why not?

b. Do you personally do anything to lessen pollution (e.g., vote for “green” political representatives, support recycling in your community, make fewer trips in your car)?  Why or why not?

c.Do you personally exercise your freedom of speech (e.g., actively participate in town meetings/protests, vote in every election for which you are eligible, write to your congressional representative)?  Why or why not?

15. Decide which of the following is an act of aggression (please read in your text about aggression and what an actual “act” of aggression would be):

•A wolf kills a rabbit and eats it.

•A person thinks about different ways to hurt a co-worker but never does anything.

•A father is upset with his son and chooses not to send to him a birthday card on his birthday.

Tell me why. 

16. Attitudes have 3 components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Come up with a central idea (such as “I love chocolate cake.”) and then describe each of the three components (that is, identify the cognitive aspect, identify the affective aspect, and identify the behavioral aspect).

 17 . Follow the link “Implicit Associations Test,” read the “preliminary information” page and click “I wish to proceed” at the bottom. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html

18. Choose one of the associations located on the left side of the screen. Complete the IAT (this should take 5-10 min)

19. Which association did you choose? What were your results? Do you feel this is accurate? Why or why not?

– What is the difference between stereotype and prejudice?

– Have you ever been stereotyped, either positively or negatively? Tell me about it

Explain the difference between correlational, quasi-experimental, and true-experimental design.

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1. A researcher is interested in whether students who attend private elementary schools do any better on s standard test of intelligence than the general population of elementary school children. A random sample of 75 students at a private elementary school is tested and has a mean intelligence test score of 103.5. The average for the general population of elementary school children is 100 (σ = 15).

 

a) Is this a one- or a two- tailed tests?

 

b) What are Ho and Ha for this study?

 

c) Compute zobt

 

d) What is zcv?

 

e) Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

f) Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the population mean, based on the sample mean.

 

2. Assume that the average person in America weights 150 pounds (μ). You want to determine whether colleges students weigh less than the average America, Following are the wights collected on a sample of colleges students: 120, 105, 166, 170, 145, 149, 135, 115, 168, 138.

 

a) Is this a one- or two-tailed test?

 

b) What are Ho and Ha for this study?

 

c) Compute tobt

 

d) What is tcv?

 

e) Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

3. How does a t test differ from a z test in terms of when it is used, how it is calculated, and how we determine significance?

 

4. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 75% of adults regularly drank alcohol in 1985. An investigator predicts that fewer adults drink now than drank then. A sample of 100 adults is asked about their current drinking habits; 67 report drinking, and 33 report not drinking.

 

a) What is X2obt?

 

b) What is (are) the df for this test?

 

c) What is X2cv?

 

d) What conclusion should be drawn from these results?

 

5. A health magazine recently reported a study in which researchers claimed that iron supplements increased memory and problem-solving abilities in a random sample of college women. All of the women took memory and problem-solving tests at the beginning of the study, then took iron supplements, and then took the same tests again at the end of the study. What is wrong with this design? What confounds could be leading to the results of improved memory and problem-solving skills?

 

6. In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, participants are randomly assigned to either the no exercise or the exercise conditions. Identify what type of study this is—between-, within-, or matched-participants. In addition, identify the independent and dependent variables and the control and experimental groups.

 

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages in the use of a posttest-only control group design versus a pretest-posttest control group design?

 

8. What is a confound and how is it related to interval validity?

 

9. What is the relationship between external validity and the college sophomore problem?

 

10. Explain what counterbalancing is, how it is achieved, and which confound it helps to minimize.

 

11. Explain what a Latin square is and how it helps with counterbalancing.

 

12. According to some research, males have better spatial skills than do females; and according to other research, females have better reading skills than males. A student is interested in determining which sex performs better on a word-search puzzle (a puzzle in which the words are hidden vertically, horizontally, and diagonally within an array of letters) since this type of puzzle involves both spatial and reading skills. A sample of males and females volunteer to participate and are given 10 minutes to work on a 50-word puzzle. The number of words correctly recognized is recorded for each subject, and the resulting data are as follows:

 

Males Females

 

12          15

 

8            12

 

9            11

 

11          18

 

10          13

 

12          14

 

7            17

 

Conduct the appropriate analysis of these data and determine whether there are any significant differences.

 

13. A college student is interested whether there is a difference between male and female students in the amount of time spending working out each week. The student gathers information from a random sample of male and female students on her campus. Amount of time spend working out is normally distributed. The data appear below.

 

Males Females

 

7         5

 

5         9

 

9         8

 

10       3

 

6         10

 

2          5

 

4          9

 

a) What statistical test should be used to analyze these data?

 

b) Identify Ho and Ha for this study.

 

c) Conduct the appropriate analysis.

 

d) Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

e) If significant compute the effect size and interpret this.

 

14. A student is interested in whether students who study with others devote as much attention to their studies as do students who study alone. He believes those who study alone devote more attention to their studies. He randomly assigns participants to either group or individual study conditions and has them read and study the same passage of information for the same amount of time. Participants are then given the same 10-item test on the material. Their scores appear below. Scores on the test represent interval/ratio data and are normally distributed.

 

Group Alone

 

6            10

 

5            9

 

6            7

 

5            7

 

6            6

 

6            6

 

7            8

 

8            6

 

5            9

 

a) What statistical test should be used to analyze these data?

 

b) Identify H0 and Ha for this study.

 

c) Conduct the appropriate analysis.

 

d) Should H0 be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

e) If significant, compute the effect size and interpret this.

 

15. A researcher believes exercise reduces anxiety in women. She identifies a group of women who had not exercised before but are now planning to begin exercising. She gives them a 50-item anxiety inventory before they begin exercising and administers it again after 6 months of exercising. The anxiety inventory is measured on an interval scale and higher numbers indicate higher anxiety. In addition, scores on the inventory are normally distributed. The scores appear below.

 

Before After

 

46         44

 

41         40

 

42         39

 

47         46

 

43         42

 

45         43

 

a) What statistical test should be used to analyze these data?

 

b) Identify Ho and Ha for this study.

 

c) Conduct the appropriate analysis.

 

d) Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

e) If significant, compute the effect size and interpret this.

 

16. A researcher is interested in comparing the self-esteem of students who volunteer for community service versus those who do not. The researcher assumes that those who complete community service will have higher self-esteem scores. Self-esteem scores tend to be skewed (not normally distributed). The self-esteem scores appear below. Higher scores indicate higher self-esteem levels.

 

No Community

 

Service Community Service

 

33                   41

 

41                   48

 

54                   61

 

13                   72

 

22                   83

 

26                   55

 

a) What statistical test should be used to analyze these data?

 

b) Identify H0 and Ha for this study.

 

c) Conduct the appropriate analysis.

 

d) Should H0 be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

17. You noticed in a training class that it appears that more men tend to sit near the door and more women opposite the door. In order to determine whether this difference is significant, you collect data on the seating preferences for the students in your class. The data appears below:

 

Males Females

 

Near the Door             25       14

 

Opposite the Door     12        20

 

a) What is the statistical test that should be used to analyze these data?

 

b) Identify Ho and Ha for this study.

 

c) Conduct the appropriate analysis.

 

d) Should Ho be rejected? What should the researcher conclude?

 

18. Explain when it should be appropriate to use a t test versus a one-way analysis of variance.

 

19. What is the Bonferroni adjustment? What would the Bonferroni adjustment be for a study with four groups for which a researcher decided to use t-tests?

 

20. If the null hypothesis is true, what value should we expect for the F-ratio? Why?

 

21. When and why is it necessary to use post-hoc tests?

 

22. Provide the factorial notation for the following experimental design. Two independent variables:

 

1. Crust Type (thick, thin, pan, and hand-tossed)

 

2. Topping Type (plain, sausage, pepperoni, veggie, ham, and everything)

 

23. How many main effects and interactions could you have in a 4 x 6 factorial design?

 

24. Explain the difference between correlational, quasi-experimental, and true-experimental design.

 

25. Why is an ABAB reversal design better than an ABA reversal design?

Discuss the importance of trust during negotiations? How do you exhibit it? How do you know when to trust others? What can you do if you don’t trust the other side?

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Are you able to answer answer 10 of the 16 questions below?

1. Getting to Yes and your Manual readings suggest that “there can be no negotiation without communication.” Assuming that this is more than a cliché, what does this mean? Discuss communication variables and barriers that are important to understanding negotiation success and negotiator effectiveness.

2. In negotiations, truthfulness (honesty, veracity, etc.) seems to be a low priority or get lost entirely. How do determine what is ethical conduct in negotiation? Other than our own sense of ethics, what constraints or reasons do you see to avoid questionable conduct?

3. What is your definition of negotiation? Distinguish it from other dispute resolution processes. Is negotiation involved in and/or part of those processes?

4. Based on the readings, what is your understanding of integrative bargaining? What is the contrasting type of bargaining? Describe the essential differences. Do people need to select one mode or the other as their style? Why or why not?

5. What are the “Top Ten” characteristics of a good negotiator? Prioritize them and indicate why you rank them this way? Which are you working on and how?

6. Describe the importance of non-verbal behavior in understanding negotiation? How do you recognize, use, and/or respond to it?

7. If you are faced with a negotiation “opponent” who appears to have more power resources than you do, what are some steps or approached you can take to improve your chances?

8. Emotions and/or personal involvement can both help and/or hinder a negotiation. Discuss how “feelings” can have a positive or negative impact and can be “used” by a negotiator.

9. What would be your advice for a new negotiator (e.g., some do’s and don’t`s)? Give them a good start. Use a “top ten” list format if you like (but give more than Letterman one-liners).

10. Discuss the importance of trust during negotiations? How do you exhibit it? How do you know when to trust others? What can you do if you don’t trust the other side?

11. Negotiating one-on-one is hard and team negotiating can be even harder and more frustrating. What can you do to ensure the benefits of a team and avoid the problems?

12. What is the “prisoner’s dilemma? What does it suggest, and/or teach, about negotiating and strategy?

13. What are several specific techniques or methods can you use to elicit (obtain) information from the other side?

14. When dealing with a representative in negotiation, how do you know whether he or she has authority to bind the other party? How do you ensure this?

15. What steps would you take in preparing to negotiate with someone of a substantially different background (e.g., culture)? What are some “Do’s” and “Don’ts”?

16. From a purely practical standpoint, discuss why you should be concerned about stereotypes you have about people with whom you are negotiating.

Identify each of the following as examples of nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales of measurement. (4 points each) A poll of registered voters in Florida asking which candidate they support

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Identify each of the following as examples of nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales of measurement. (4 points each)

  1. A poll of registered voters in Florida asking which candidate they support
  2. The length of time required for a wound to heal when using a new medicine
  3. The number of telephone calls arriving at a switchboard per five-minute period
  4. The distance first-year college football players can kick a ball
  5. Mental health diagnoses present in an elderly population
  6. The rankings of employees on their job performance

(Points : 24)

 

 

Question 2. 2.

Two hundred raffle tickets are sold. Your friend has five people in her family who each bought two raffle tickets. What is the probability that someone from her family will win the raffle?

(Points : 4)

 

 

Question 3. 3. Jolie has 45 minutes to do her statistics homework. If the mean is 38 minutes and the standard deviation is 3, calculate Jolie’s z score. Once calculated, interpret your findings in terms of Jolie’s performance.
(HINT: use the normal distribution and the probability that other students performed better or worse.) (Points : 8) 

 

Question 4. 4. A psychologist measures units of change for a memory test after students are given an opportunity to sleep only four hours. The following change units were obtained: 7, -12, 4, -7, 3, -10. Find the a) mean, b) median, c) mode, d) standard deviation, e) range, and f) variance. (Points : 24)

 

 

Question 5. 5. A student scored 81 on a chemistry test and 75 on a history test. For the chemistry test, the mean was 70 and the standard deviation was 20. For the history test, the mean was 65 and the standard deviation was 8. Did the student do better on the chemistry test or the history test? Explain your answer. (Points : 12)

 

 

Question 6. 6. Suppose you want to figure out what to do with your degree in psychology. You ask some fellow students from your psychology program who recently graduated to find out what they are doing with their degree and how much it pays. What type of sampling is this? What are the limitations of this sampling approach? (Points : 8)

 

 

Question 7. 7. Variables in which the values are categories are known as (Points : 4)

Interval variables
Nominal variables
Ordinal variables
Ratio variables

 

Question 8. 8. Before the researcher can conduct a statistical test, the research question must be translated into (Points : 4)

A testable hypothesis
Additional observations

Mathematical symbols

Numbers

 

Question 9. 9. The hypothesis stating that there are no differences, effects, or relationships is (Points : 4)

The alternative hypothesis

The baseline hypothesis

The null hypothesis

The reasonable hypothesis

 

Question 10. 10. A group of students made the following scores on a 10-item quiz in psychological statistics: {5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10} What is the mean score? (Points : 4)

6.6

7.2

7.8

8.7

 

Question 11. 11. A group of students made the following scores on a 10-item quiz in psychological statistics: {5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10} What is the median score? (Points : 4)

6
7
8
9

 

Question 12. 12. A group of students made the following scores on a 10-item quiz in psychological statistics: {5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10} What is the mode? (Points : 4)

5
7
8
9

 

Question 13. 13. A group of students made the following scores on a 10-item quiz in psychological statistics: {5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10} What is the range of scores? (Points : 4)

5
6
7
11

 

Question 14. 14. A group of students made the following scores on a 10-item quiz in psychological statistics: {5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10} What is the variance, treating these scores as a sample? (Points : 4)

1.53
1.60

2.33

2.56

 

Question 15. 15. The standard normal distribution has all the following properties EXCEPT: (Points : 4)

The mean, mode, and median are all equal

The total area under the curve equals 1

The curve is specified by two parameters, the mean and the standard deviation

The curve extends to + and – 3 standard deviations from the mean

 

Question 16. 16. According to the Empirical Rule, approximately _______% of the data in a normal distribution will fall within ±1 standard deviation of the mean. (Points : 4)

34
68

95

99.7

 

Question 17. 17. In statistical computations, the number of values that are free to vary is known as (Points : 4)

Degrees of freedom

Freedom factor

Variability index

Variation quotient

 

Question 18. 18. Which of the following reflects a Type I error? (Points : 4)

Rejecting the null hypothesis when in reality the null hypothesis is true

Rejecting the null hypothesis when in reality the null hypothesis is false

Accepting the null hypothesis when in reality the null hypothesis is true

Accepting the null hypothesis when in reality the null hypothesis is false

 

Question 19. 19. Which type of sampling is used when the experimenter asks 5 area doctors to refer pregnant women to his study and accepts all women who offer to be in his study? (Points : 4)

purposive sampling

convenience sampling

cluster sampling

stratified sampling

 

Question 20. 20. In our statistics equations, n refers to: (Points : 4)

mean

standard deviation

normal distribution

number of subjects

 

Question 21. 21. Which of the following is true regarding alpha? (Points : 4)

it is also known as the level of significance
value is set by the researcher

value is equal to the probability of a type I error

all of the above are true

 

Question 22. 22. Macy proposes that boys who play sports are viewed as more attractive than boys who do not play sports. What is her null hypothesis? (Points : 4)

Boys who play sports are not viewed as more attractive than boys who do not play sports

Playing sports will influence how attractively boys are viewed

Boys who play sports are more attractive than girls who play sports

There can be no null hypothesis

 

Question 23. 23. You calculate a t of 2.38 and note that the tabled value for .01 is 3.22 and for .05 is 2.19. You would conclude that the null hypothesis can be: (Points : 4)

Accepted at the .05 level

Rejected at the .01 level

Rejected at the .05 level

None of the above

 

Question 24. 24. A researcher is studying political conservatism among 11 engineering students and 11 humanities students. The number of degrees of freedom for a t test is: (Points : 4)

22

20

11

10

 

Question 25. 25. A t test for dependent groups should be used instead of a t test for independent samples: (Points : 4)

If each participant is measured twice
Whenever there are equal numbers of subjects in each group
Whenever there are only two groups
All of the above

 

Question 26. 26. In a normal distribution, what percent of the population falls within one and two standard deviations of the mean? (Points : 4)

34%
68%
95%
cannot tell from the information given

 

Question 27. 27. Which of the following is more affected by extreme scores? (Points : 4)

Mode

Mean

Median

None of the above are affected

 

Question 28. 28. On a histogram, what does the vertical (y) axis refer to? (Points : 4)

Individual scores

Frequencies

Means

Deviation scores

 

Question 29. 29. Which statistic refers to the average amount by which the scores in the sample deviate from the mean? (Points : 4)

Range
Standard deviation

Median

Mode

 

Question 30. 30. Assume a normal distribution for N = 300. How many cases would one expect to find between +1 and -1 standard deviations around the mean? (Points : 4)

102

285

150

204

 

Question 31. 31. A z score of zero tells us that the score is at the________of the distribution. (Points : 4)

Mean

Very top

Very bottom

None of the above since z cannot be zero

 

Question 32. 32. In a unit normal curve, what goes on the x axis? (Points : 4)

Frequencies

Observed scores

z scores

Area

 

Question 33. 33. Which of the following is a measure of variability? (Points : 4)

Mean

Range

Interval

All of the above

 

Question 34. 34. The only measure of central tendency that can be found for nominal data is the (Points : 4)

Mean

Median

Mode

Midrange

 

Question 35. 35. If the probability of event A is 0.45 and the probability of event B is 0.35 and the probability of A and B occurring together is 0.25, then the probability of A OR B is: (Points : 4)

0.8

1.8

0.1575

0.55

 

Question 36. 36. A researcher knows that the average distance commuting students live from campus was previously 8.2 miles. Because of the rising prices of gasoline, the research wants to test the claim that commuting students now live closer to campus. What is the correct alternative hypothesis? (Points : 4)

The new mean distance is 8.2 miles.
The new mean distance is less than or equal to 8.2 miles.
The new mean distance is less than 8.2 miles.
The new mean distance is greater than or equal to 8.2 miles.