How does self-determination theory explain how external events (e.g. rewards, praise) sometimes produce positive effects on motivation but other times produce negative effects?

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6 pages plus a title and reference page

1. Motivation arises from both internal motives (i.e. needs, cognitions, emotions) and external events (i.e. incentives, consequences, social contexts).  Is one of these sources of motivation more potent or more effective in motivating people than is the other?  Are people primarily motivated by internal motives or by external events, or are people motivated about equally by internal motives and external events? Justify your response by giving examples from your own life.

2. Selecting one physiological need (e.g. hunger, thirst, sex) as an example, explain, how the biological beginnings of this need eventually manifest themselves as a psychological drive in a person’s subjective awareness.  In other words, explain how a biological event becomes a psychological motive. Give an original example to support your explanation.

3. How does self-determination theory explain how external events (e.g. rewards, praise) sometimes produce positive effects on motivation but other times produce negative effects? Give an original example to support your explanation.

4.  Learned helplessness theory relies on the components of contingency, cognition, and behavior to explain the motivational dynamics underlying helplessness.  Explain what these three components mean and provide an original illustrative example of each.

5.  Consider the origins of the need for achievement. Discuss and provide original examples from your own life, of each of the following three sources of high need for achievement:  its socialization influences, its cognitive influences, or its developmental influences.

6.  Differentiate the motivational and performance-based advantages versus disadvantages for performers who adopt a short-term goal (e.g., eat less than 2000 calories today) versus performers who adopt a long-term goal (e.g. lose 20 pounds this year) and offer a recommendation as to whether performers should adopt a short-term or a long-term goal. Explain/justify your recommendation.

Correlations and romanticized pictures of how we feel about ourselves genuinely have an enormous effect on our self-esteem.

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Correlations and romanticized pictures of how we feel about ourselves genuinely have an enormous effect on our self-esteem. Thinking about our physical appearance or even supporting our inner self brings some negative thoughts or feelings. Downward comparisons of ourselves are conducted in a manner by which we contrast ourselves with individuals unrealistically like celebrities or people that we idolize through the media. This contrast is regarding a particular characteristic or inclination that we wish to emulate (Aronson et al., 2019). For instance, cancer patients may compare themselves with different patients based on how their body handles the effects of symptoms. This technique had a method for making a progressively hopeful observation of their disease’s course (Aronson et al., 2019).

As cited by Rancourt et al. (2016), the differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women’s disordered eating behaviors and body image is completed by the comparison of race and ethnicity as a variable for upward and downward appearance correlations and disturbed body approval and eating results with participants including young women. These studies strategize the upward and downward body contentment, appearance similarities, and disrupted eating were controlled to 1,014 young women (Rancourt et al. 2016). Results including downward appearance correlations surfaced as non-favorable for Latina ladies yet had differentiating results for White and Asian young women (Rancourt et al. 2016). Additionally, discussions found that the rule, including physical self-image assessments, impact all women, similarly; including downward assessments are all-around protective, even though this position is regularly spread by clinical treatment techniques (Rancourt et al. 2016).

References:

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers, S. R. (Eds.) (2019). Social Psychology (10th ed.)  Boston, MA: Pearson.

Rancourt, D., Schaefer, L. M., Bosson, J. K., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). Differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women’s disordered eating behaviors and body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(5), 519–523.  https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22470

Support your response with references to social psychology theory and research.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the social psychology theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or Internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your post and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that discusses how this theory explains the behavior of the individual in the scenario. Include the following: A description of the main concepts within the theory

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Psychodynamic Theory Scenario

Timothy is a 32-year-old Caucasian male who is married with 2 male children, ages 2 and 4. He grew up in a household with 2 older sisters, making him the youngest child. His parents are still married, and he has a close relationship with his mother. As a child, Timothy began playing sports at 6 years old and quickly excelled. When he was 9 years old, he broke his ankle playing baseball and took 6 months to recuperate. Despite his injury as a child, he played on his school’s baseball team throughout middle school and high school. In high school, he struggled to maintain his grades in his classes and focused the majority of his attention on sports and friendships. He was quite popular and made friends easily.

After high school, he earned a scholarship to a local junior college for baseball, and he continued to play while he finished his associate’s degree. After college, he obtained a job with his father’s company to pay the bills, but he did not feel any type of attachment to or satisfaction from it. He married his wife when he was 26 and has been the main financial provider for his family.

He is seeking career counseling because he has been unable to find and maintain a job that provides him with meaning and satisfaction.

*There are a few theories under the psychodynamic perspective, and they have their similarities and differences in regard to how they explain behavior. This assignment will allow you to see these differences as you discuss an individual’s behavior through a theoretical lens.

Read the Psychodynamic Theory Scenario.

Select 1 of the following theories to apply to the individual in this scenario:

  • Alfred Adler: individual psychology
  • Carl Jung: analytical psychology
  • Erik Erikson: post-Freudian theory

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that discusses how this theory explains the behavior of the individual in the scenario. Include the following:

  • A description of the main concepts within the theory
  • An explanation of how the main concepts of the theory may apply to the individual
  • A description of the ways this theory explains this individual’s personality well and where it falls short

Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

Describe one skill or sensitivity you might need to develop or enhance in order to work effectively with military personnel who experienced war or combat.

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Imagine how you might respond if you were the helping professional working with the clients who made the following statements:

  • “How do you know what I feel? Have you ever picked up a weapon?”
  • “Do you know what it is like to kill someone?”
  • “I’m missing two legs. It makes me half a soldier. Don’t you get that?”
  • “My husband is not the same. What happened to him over there? He won’t talk to me anymore. I’m scared.”

As a helping professional, how do you begin to talk to military personnel about their war and combat experience? What approaches, skills, and sensitivities do you need to work with this population?

In Discussion 1, you considered the impact of war and combat on military personnel. In this Discussion, you consider the skills and sensitivities that you, as a helping professional, need to support and work with military personnel. A helping professional’s training is extensive. Most training programs require you to complete a self-assessment of the skills and sensitivities you need to work in the field. Training to work with military personnel is no different.

To prepare for this Discussion, review the media in the resources, and select one interviewee to address. Analyze the interviewee’s war and combat experience and consider the skills and sensitivities you would need if you were the helping professional assigned to treat this service member.

 

Post 1.an explanation of the skills and sensitivities you would need to possess if you were to talk about the personal effects of war and combat with the individual in the interview you selected.

2. Describe one skill or sensitivity you might need to develop or enhance in order to work effectively with military personnel who experienced war or combat.

3. Finally, explain how you might develop these skills. (2-3 pages)

Be sure to support your post with specific references to the resources. If you are using additional articles, be sure to provide full APA-formatted citations for your references.

 

Required Readings

Blaisure, K. R., Saathoff-Wells, T., Pereira, A., MacDermid Wadsworth, S., & Dombro, A. L. (2016). Serving military families (2nd ed.). New York: NY: Routledge.
Chapter 7, “The Effects of War on Service Members” (pp. 161-179)
Chapter 8, “The Effects of War on Families” (pp. 181-210)

Khamis, V. (2017). Psychological distress of parents in conflict areas: The mediating role of war atrocities, normative stressors and family resources. Journal of Mental Health, 26(2), 104-110.

Schryver, M., eVindevogel, S., Rasmussen, A.E., & Cramer, A.O.J. (2015). Unpacking constructs: A network approach for studying war exposure, daily stressors and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1896.