Which of the following is an example of a low-level rule of APA style?

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1 Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental features of science?
a empirical questions
b public knowledge
c mathematical equations
d systematic empiricism
2 A set of beliefs can be said to be pseudoscientific if it lacks one or more of the three features of science and _____.
aits adherents claim or imply that it is scientific
b it has been discredited by scientific research
c it seems “crazy”
d it refers to phenomena that cannot be directly observed
3 Research questions in psychology can come from which of the following?
a previous research
b informal observations
c practical problems to be solved
d all of the above
4 Which of the following is a categorical variable?
a eye color
b IQ
c number of lifetime sexual partners
d shoe size
5 A research methods student conducts a study on the relationship between people’s level of extroversion and the number of close friends they have. She computes Pearson’s r, which comes out to be – 1.70. Which of the following is most clearly true?
a The relationship between the two variables is weak.
b More extroverted people have fewer friends.
c She ought to use a bar graph to display her results.
d She made an error in computing Pearson’s r.
6 When you want to show that Variable X has a direct effect on Variable Y, what is the best kind of study to conduct?
aanonexperimental study
b an experiment
c an observational study
d a survey
7 The relationship between people’s heights and weights is positive.
a True
b False
8 In a negative relationship, higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on another variable.
a True
b False
9 Pearson’s r cannot be negative.
a True
b False
10 What three groups must be taken into account in the consideration of the ethics of a research project?
a society
b clinical practitioners
c the scientific community
d research participants
11 In Milgram’s famous study, who was the confederate?
athe person being shocked
b the experimenter
c the person doing the shocking
d none of the above
12 Which of the following occurred in the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study?
a Research participants were told they had syphilis even though they did not to see how they would react.
b Research participants were denied treatment for their syphilis.
c Research participants were injected with syphilis bacteria.
d Research participants were give experimental treatments for syphilis.
13 Research on the effectiveness of normal educational activities would generally be categorized as which of the following?
aexempt
b minimal risk
c at risk
d none of the above
14 Measuring characteristics of potential participants to identify those who may be at risk of harm in the study is called _____.
a debriefing
b prescreening
c informed consent
d risk reduction
15 The difference between phenomena and theories is essentially the same as the difference between which of the following?
a observations and models
b correlational studies and experiments
c significant and nonsignificant results
d models and hypotheses
16 How does a framework differ from a theory?
aA framework is usually more specific than a theory.
b A framework is usually more general than a theory.
c A framework cannot be tested but a theory can.
d A framework can be tested but a theory cannot.
17 For every _____ there are many plausible _____.
a fact; phenomena
b theory; researchers
c phenomenon; theories
d researcher; variables
18 As a general rule, every phenomenon has which of the following?
a no real explanation
b one clear explanation
c many plausible explanations
d one discoverer
19 Theories in evolutionary psychology tend to take which approach?
a functional
b mechanistic
c typological
d stage
20 A theory that explains a behavior primarily in terms of why it happens is which of the following?
aa mechanistic theory
b a typology
c a functional theory
d a hypothesis
21 The general approach that scientists use to create and test theories is called which of the following?
a the functional-mechanistic method
b the theory-model-phenomenon approach
c the quasi-logical hypothesis
d the hypothetico-deductive method
22 What is the first thing that you should do in constructing a new theory?
a Create a set of mathematical equations that might account for the phenomena of interest.
b Understand the phenomena of interest in detail, along with any existing theories of them.
c Conduct at least four to six new empirical studies.
d Decide which type of theory you want to construct.
23 Measurement is best defined as which of the following?
a directly comparing one individual to a standard reference individual
b the assignment of scores to individuals so the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals
c the use of an established measuring instrument such as a ruler or scale to describe an individual
d an objective method of counting individuals

24. Which of the following is the best example of a construct?
a. depression
b. number of siblings
c. height
d. annual income
25. What is it called when a researcher measures the same construct in different ways?
a. multiple measurement
b. exploratory research
c. inconsistent assessment
d. converging operations
26. There is a single best conceptual definition of every psychological construct.
a. True
b. False
27. There is a single best way to measure every psychological construct.
a. True
b. False
28. Face validity is the extent to which a psychological measure appears to measure the construct of interest.
a. True
b. False
29. A Cronbach’s alpha of .90 would indicate good internal consistency.
a. True
b. False
30. A psychological measure is valid to the extent that the scores it produces are consistent over time.
a. True
b. False
31. Psychological constructs can be observed directly by looking or listening.
a. True
b. False
32. What are the two defining features of an experiment?
a. control of extraneous variables; statistical analysis of the results
b. statistical analysis of the results; a comparison of two groups
c. a comparison of two groups; manipulation of an independent variable
d. manipulation of an independent variable; control of extraneous variables
33. Why are confounding variables bad?
a. They provide an alternative explanation for any observed difference between conditions.
b. They reduce internal validity.
c. They make it difficult to tell if the independent variable was responsible for the effect on the dependent variable.
d. all of the above
34. Why do researchers randomly assign participants to conditions?
a. to control extraneous variables
b. to ensure that they find a strong statistical relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
c. to discover whether there is a placebo effect
d. to avoid fatigue effects
35. Imagine that you are a participant in an experiment on the effects of morning exercise on mathematics performance. If this study uses a within-subjects design, which of the following would you do?
a. One day you take a math test after having exercised in the morning; another day you take a math test after not having exercised in the morning.
b. Either you exercise in the morning and then take a math test or you do not exercise in the morning and then take a math test.
c. You eat a healthy breakfast consisting of milk, juice, toast, and eggs.
d. You take a math test and then tell the researcher whether or not you exercised that morning.
36. Imagine an experiment with one independent variable: noise level (quiet vs. noisy). If the researcher is using a between-subjects design and wants to have 20 participants per condition, how many participants will he need all together?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 400
37. What is the main advantage of conducting an experiment using a within-subjects design rather than a between-subjects design?
a. A within-subjects design eliminates the need for pilot testing.
b. A within-subjects design controls more extraneous variables.
c. A within-subjects design does not require manipulation of an independent variable.
d. A within-subjects design prevents carryover effects.
38. A researcher is conducting a study in which the dependent variable is mental concentration. If it is a within-subjects design with lots of different conditions, then which of the following is most likely to be a problem for the researcher?
a. practice effect
b. fatigue effect
c. context effect
d. floor effect
39. Experimenters manipulate independent variables and control extraneous variables.
a. True
b. False
40. In a between-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in only one condition.
a. True
b. False
41. In a within-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in more than one condition.
a. True
b. False
42. Researcher Robert Rosenthal is known for his work on which of the following?
a. the effect of smiling on helping
b. cultural differences in time perception
c. social anxiety
d. experimenter expectancy effects
43. What is the defining feature of nonexperimental research?
a. It is about personality and individual differences.
b. It lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment, or both.
c. It involves only one variable.
d. It has high external validity.
44. Which of the following is a reason to conduct nonexperimental research?
a. The researcher is interested in thinking.
b. The researcher wants to maximize the internal validity of the study.
c. The researcher wants to avoid carryover effects.
d. It would be unethical to manipulate the independent variable.
45. Which of the following is a type of nonexperimental research?
a. qualitative studies
b. correlational studies
c. quasi-experiments
d. all of the above
46. Which of the following is the defining feature of correlational research?
a. An independent variable is manipulated while extraneous variables are controlled.
b. One variable is measured and described.
c. Research participants are interviewed in depth about their experiences.
d. Two variables are measured and the relationship between them is assessed.
47. Coding of participant behaviors is generally an important part of which of the following?
a. archival data collection
b. sport psychology
c. quasi-experimental research
d. naturalistic observation
48. Archival data would be least likely to be used in which of the following?
a. an experiment
b. a correlational study
c. a qualitative study
d. a single-variable study
49. Qualitative research is meant to do which of the following?
a. generate novel research questions
b. explore people’s “lived experience”
c. address broad questions
d. all of the above
50. Which of the following is a common data collection method in qualitative research?
a. administering questionnaires with rating scale responses
b. taking multiple physiological measures
c. using computer simulations
d. giving unstructured interviews
51. Data analysis in qualitative research is most likely to include which of the following?
a. means and standard deviations
b. inferential statistics
c. unfalsifiable theories
d. detailed examples of participant responses
52. What are the two main characteristics of survey research?
a. large random samples and self-report measures
b. self-report measures and face-to-face interviews
c. face-to-face interviews and statistical analysis
d. statistical analysis and large random samples
53. “Is there anything else you would like to tell us about?” is an example of an open-ended item.
a. True
b. False
54. Closed-ended items provide a set of response options for respondents to choose from.
a. True
b. False
55. A researcher who stands in a shopping mall and approaches anyone who looks to him like they would complete a survey is using random sampling.
a. True
b. False
56. Researchers are most likely to use open-ended items under which of the following conditions?
a. They have a specific construct that they want to measure.
b. They do not have preconceived ideas about how people will respond.
c. They want their data to be quick and easy to analyze.
d. They are conducting their survey over the Internet.
57. The BRUSO model is a model of which of the following?
a. how people respond to survey questionnaire items
b. the process of administering a survey
c. good survey questionnaire items
d. none of the above
58. Survey research tends to use which of the following?
a. nonrepresentative sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. nonprobability sampling
d. probability sampling
59. What is the best way to address the problem of nonresponse bias?
a. ignore the nonresponders when analyzing the data
b. force everyone to respond
c. do everything possible to maximize response rates
d. write unbiased questionnaire items
60. What are the two main functions of the introduction to a survey questionnaire?
a. to encourage participation and establish informed consent
b. to establish the legitimacy of the survey and put respondents at ease
c. to inform the respondents of their rights and protect the researcher from lawsuits
d. to hide the true purpose of the survey and to establish rapport with respondents
61. High-level APA style consists of rules about grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting.
a. True
b. False
62. An APA-style abstract is usually about two pages long.
a. True
b. False
63. Which of the following presents the major sections of an APA style empirical research report in the correct order?
a. Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion
b. Method, Results, Discussion, Abstract
c. Abstract, Discussion, Method, Results
d. Method, Introduction, Discussion, Results
64. The two broad themes of high-level APA style writing are that it is _____ and _____.
a. technical; thought provoking
b. creative; engaging
c. formal; straightforward
d. interesting; controversial
65. Which of the following is an example of a low-level rule of APA style?
a. Avoid personally insulting other researchers.
b. Use number words for numbers lower than 10.
c. An empirical research report should start with a title page.
d. Write in a simple and clear manner.
66. The title of an APA style research report should generally be which of the following?
a. typed in all capital letters
b. cute and attention grabbing
c. highly technical
d. no more than 12 words long
67. The literature review of an APA style introduction section should do which of the following?
a. cite and discuss the three most important studies on the current topic
b. provide an exhaustive list of all research conducted on the current topic
c. make an argument for why the current research question is worth addressing
d. discuss only new research that has been published in the past five years

Prepare: Read Chapters 7, 8 and 9 of the textbook. Find a primary source from the 1920s that is related to the group that you chose for your Final Project and that you can use in your Final Project.

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Assignment 1

In the 1890s, political cartoons provided important commentary on the major economic, political, and social issues of the day. Cartoon artists employed symbolism, exaggeration, labeling, analogy, and irony to express their viewpoint.

Select one of the following cartoons:

Look closely at the cartoon you have selected and write down your initial reactions, you will not need to include these initial reactions your assignment, but they will help you complete the assignment once you have finished the exercise.

Then go to the Chapter 4, Section 4.3 of the textbook and look at the activity “Analyzing Primary Sources.” You will find it under the section on Yellow Journalism. (This is very important.) Please note you will not be able to view this on some devices and will need to use a computer.

After completing the activity, answer the following items:

  • Explain the character(s) in the      cartoon.
  • Describe the symbols and      actions the artist employs in the cartoon.
  • Describe the issues the cartoon      raises.
  • Analyze and explain what the      cartoon says about the consequences of the Spanish American War for the      countries occupied.
  • Describe how your      understanding of the cartoon changed after doing the analysis portion of      this exercise.

The combined answers should be one page, including your reference list. Your answers to these questions should be accurate, thorough, and written in complete sentences. Be sure to cite the textbook at least once and reference the textbook in APA formatting. If you need more guidance, you can read this Sample Assignment

Assignment 2: 150 words

Write: This discussion forum is an opportunity for you to explore topics that interest you, share critical insights and questions that you are working with, share your struggles and triumphs, and discuss difficulties that may have arisen this week, hopefully finding solutions. Your initial post should describe your experiences in the course this past week, prompting further discussion. You should address at least two of the following questions:

  • What struck you in particular      as you explored the course materials this week?
  • What insights have you had?
  • What have you been struggling      with?
  • What questions have come up for      you at this point?
  • Do you have any helpful tips      that you’ve picked up in this course or in a past course?
  • Do you have questions about the      assignment that your classmates might be able to help with? (If you have a      question for the instructor, be sure to contact your instructor through      email or in the Ask Your Instructor Forum).

You are required to post at least 150 total words

Assignment 3: 250 words

Prepare: Read Chapters 7, 8 and 9 of the textbook. Find a primary source from the 1920s that is related to the group that you chose for your Final Project and that you can use in your Final Project. You may use one of the primary sourcesreview the documentiew in a new window listed this week, or you may find your own. Complete the “Analyzing  Primary Sources” activity in Chapter 8, section 8.1 of your textbook to help you think about and understand your primary source.

Write: Based on information from your textbook and your analysis of the primary source you chose, answer the following:

  • What primary source did you      choose and what event does it focus on?
  • Why was this event important,      and how does it fit into the conflicts and changes of the 1920s?
  • What does your primary source      tell you about the event? And what does it not tell you?
  • How does the event you chose      relate to your Final Project topic?
  • The 1920s were a time of much      prosperity for some groups in American Society until the Depression. How      was your chosen group impacted by the Great Depression?

4. What is a conception of The Good?   What is Eve’s conception of The Good?  What is Lucy’s conception of The Good?  Defend your answer. 

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Read the dialog below.  Answer the questions that follow.

Meet Lucy Fuego.  Lucy is the C.E.O. of a large apparel company, called Serpentine Designs.  Lucy’s company has “knocked off” or copied the t-shirt design of a smaller company.

The smaller company, called Creative Designs, is run by Eve.  Eve is intimidated by the power, reach, and resources of Lucy’s company.  However, Eve’s company is now losing money on a shirt that was one of her best sellers.  Eve decides to email Lucy directly.

1.    Eve:   “Hi Lucy, Did you know that your creative team stole one of my t-shirt designs?”

2.    Lucy:  “Oh, Hi Eve.  We didn’t steal your shirt, we simply knocked it off.”

3.     Eve:    “You copied the design, the color, the font; it’s the same shirt”

4.     Lucy:   “What can I tell you, Eve?  We didn’t do anything illegal.”

5.    Eve:    “Well, you may not have done anything illegal, but that’s because the laws protecting 
     designers haven’t been updated in over a century.  But that’s not my point, whether what you did was legal or illegal; it was immoral.”

6.    Lucy:   “I’m sorry Eve, this is the culture of the fashion industry.  And that shirt has been a big hit for us.”

7.    Eve:  “You’re making money, but I’m losing money.”

8.    Lucy:  “Well, that’s what matters here, money.  I’m in this industry to make money.  If the. roles were reversed, you’d do the same thing to me.”

9.    Eve:  “No, I wouldn’t.  I understand money is a value, but it isn’t the highest or only value.  I’m in this industry because this is my vocation; this is what gives my life meaning.  This is a moral way for me to make money.”

10.  Lucy:  “Oh, Eve, that’s so cute; what a quaint idea.  But this is the way the apparel industry functions, and it works for us.  It gets us to where we want to go.”

11.  Eve:  “So, whatever makes you money is okay?”

12.  Lucy:  “Precisely, Eve.  As long as it’s not illegal, it’s our guiding principle.”

13.  Eve:  “Well, some things are wrong even if they’re legal”

14.  Lucy:  “Oh, there’s that cute idea again.  Hey, would consider coming to work for me?  We could use that idea to sell a lot t-shirts?”

1. There is a conflict of values between Eve and Lucy.  What is the conflict?  In other words, what value does Lucy primarily represent and what value does Eve primarily represent?  Defend your answer.

2. Is Lucy a utilitarian?  Why or why not?  Is Eve a utilitarian?  Why or why not?

3. What is cultural relativism?  What would or could a cultural relativist say about Lucy and Eve’s dispute?

4. What is a conception of The Good?   What is Eve’s conception of The Good?  What is Lucy’s conception of The Good?  Defend your answer.

5. What is Lucy’s overall argument?  What is Eve’s overall argument?

Please answer all the questions I need this asap.

Discuss how the role of a practitioner-scholar will influence you to become a wise consumer of research and theory.

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PSYCHOLOGY PRACTITIONER-SCHOLARS

Resources

  • Attributes and Evaluation of Discussion Contributions.
  • Professional Communications and Writing Guide.
  • Graduate Psychology Discussion Rubric.
  • Learning Model Worksheet [DOC].
  •  Scholar Practitioner Model.

As stated in the introduction, connecting scholarship and practice is critical for professionals in psychology. In one of the unit studies, you examined both the scholar-practitioner model, as presented in McClintock’s 2004 article, and Capella’s learning model, which is based on the ideas in that article. In Capella’s learning model, the master’s level degree program is described as practitioner-scholar, to distinguish it from the doctoral degree program, which is described as scholar-practitioner.

This discussion will provide you with an opportunity to enhance and deepen your understanding of the scholar-practitioner model in general and the practitioner-scholar expectations at Capella in particular. At the same time, it will enable you to get valuable feedback from your peers on your vision statement and action plan. Your thinking and exchanges in this discussion will support your success in the assignment that you will submit in the next unit.

In your initial post:

  • Compare McClintock’s scholar-practitioner model and Capella’s scholar-practitioner learning model. You probably notice that only Capella uses the term practitioner-scholar. What aspects of McClintock’s model supports Capella’s learning model?
  • Describe the role of a practitioner-scholar within the field of psychology.
  • Discuss how the role of a practitioner-scholar will influence you to become a wise consumer of research and theory.
  • Summarize your vision of a career in psychology and your main SMART goals. How did the practitioner-scholar model help clarify and strengthen your vision of your future in the field, and your professional goals?
  • Explain how this model might apply to your studies as a graduate learner in psychology at Capella.

If you had any trouble understanding the scholar-practitioner model or its application in the field of psychology, use this discussion to receive support from your peers and instructor to work through your challenges.

Be sure to integrate both the McClintock article and the Capella practitioner-scholar guide into your discussion post. Use the following APA reference:

  • Capella University. (2003). Capella University’s scholar-practitioner educational philosophy[White paper].
  • McClintock, C. (2004). Scholar practitioner model. In A. DiStefano, K. E. Rudestam, & R. J. Silverman (Eds.), Encyclopedia of distributed learning (pp. 394–397). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Response Guidelines

Read the posts of your peers and respond to at least two. Try to choose the posts that have had the fewest responses thus far.

  • What can you add to clarify your peers’ understanding?
  • What strategies can you suggest to help them connect this model to their vision and goals for their future careers?
  • Do their goals meet the criteria of being specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART)?
  • Can you think of any way they could be improved to better meet these criteria?

Be sure to provide substantive responses to help your peers build on their learning and reference any relevant assigned readings, additional resources, or professional literature to support your response.