Describe, in your own words, how the research relates to your own experiences as well as how this area of psychology may have affected your past or current beliefs about memory development

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My source to review is

K through O: “Mnemonic Instruction in Science and Social Studies for Students with Learning Problems: A Review”

Prior to beginning this discussion, please read and view the following required sources:

  • “Flexible Retrieval: When True Inferences Produce False Memories”
  • “Memory Suppression in Alzheimer’s Disease”
  • “Mnemonic Instruction in Science and Social Studies for Students with Learning Problems: A Review”
  • “Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory Are Still Different”
  • “The Development of Real-Time Stability Supports Visual Working Memory Performance: Young Children’s Feature Binding Can Be Improved Through Perceptual Structure”
  • Memory

In your initial post, you will apply what you learned from each of the five articles, but you will discuss the findings and implications for just one of these articles. The articles are assigned based on the first letter of your last name. Please see the list below to determine which of the articles you will focus on for your initial post based on the first letter of your last name:

  • A through E: “Flexible Retrieval: When True Inferences Produce False Memories”
  • F through J: “Memory Suppression in Alzheimer’s Disease”
  • K through O: “Mnemonic Instruction in Science and Social Studies for Students with Learning Problems: A Review”
  • P through T: “Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory Are Still Different”
  • U through Z: “The Development of Real-Time Stability Supports Visual Working Memory Performance: Young Children’s Feature Binding Can Be Improved Through Perceptual Structure”

In your initial post,

  • Explain the empirical research presented in your assigned article, applying appropriate citations and references.
  • Describe, in your own words, how the research relates to your own experiences as well as how this area of psychology may have affected your past or current beliefs about memory development. Do the research findings refute or support your current beliefs, and in what ways? Are there variables about memory of which you were unaware based on your article?
  • Apply skeptical inquiry to the potential problems that might arise from research in the area of memory, and relate it to the APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
  • Provide a rationale for whether or not this premise is valid and/or appropriate based on the findings reported by the assigned articles.

It is recommended that you research articles in the Ashford University Library to support your assertions if the required articles do not provide sufficient information. Your initial post should be at least 500 words in length.

Describe the implications of each alternative action; lay out the limitations and advantages of each alternative considered. Choose one course of action and provide a justification for this selection.

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Assignment 2: LASA 1: Ethical Case Study Analysis Paper

 

Materials Needed:

 

Case Study (ATTACHED)

 

Directions:

 

  • Read the case study provided and identify all three of the ethical dilemmas presented.
  • Describe the nature and all dimensions of the three ethical issues.
  • Identify the ethical code numbers and definitions of each issue presented using both the APA and ACA codes.
  • Discuss alternative courses of action that could be taken by the counselor to rectify each dilemma.
  • Describe the implications of each alternative action; lay out the limitations and advantages of each alternative considered.
  • Choose one course of action and provide a justification for this selection.
  • Describe the ethical decision-making model (from your course materials) you used throughout the process to arrive at a final decision (i.e., Forrester-Miller and Davis). Make sure you outline each step.

 

You will be graded on the process you used to arrive at your recommendations and the reasoning behind picking a specific recommendation (and not the actual recommendation itself).

 

You should utilize and cite at least two peer-reviewed journal articles to include in your research.

 

The body of the paper should be no less than 5 pages in length. Due: Wednesday, May 25, 2016.

 

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria Maximum Points
Analyzed the case and identified all three of the ethical dilemmas presented in the case study. 16
Described the nature and all dimensions of the three ethical issues. 16
Identified the ethical code numbers and definitions of all issues presented in the case study using both the APA and ACA codes. 28
Discussed alternative courses of action that could be taken by the counselor to rectify each dilemma. 20
Described the implications of each course of action; laid out the limitations and advantages of each alternative considered. 20
Chose one course of action and provided a justification for this selection. 16
Described the ethical decision-making model (outline the steps) used throughout the process to arrive at a final decision. 28
Included information from at least two external scholarly references. 12
Writing components:

  • Organization (12)
  • Usage and Mechanics (12)
  • APA Elements (16)
  • Style (4)
 44
Total: 200

What supportive interventions within the CC/IC model address such issues?  

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The collaborative practice of clinicians across disciplines requires a shared language, appreciation of diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms, and recognition of appropriate roles within the health care team.  This collaborative environment is at the heart of a health care system that utilizes the skills and expertise of all its team members in appropriate and extended roles. This model of care delivery is often called integrated care (IC) or collaborative care (CC). Although this model is endorsed by many professional societies and agencies, the CC/IC care delivery model can fail due to multiple factors.   In your initial post, consider the clinical partnerships that result within the CC/IC delivery model. Integrating concepts developed from different content domains in psychology, address the following questions. •How might health care teams achieve therapeutic goals for individual clients? •How does this support health literacy? •What factors might lead to the failure of the CC/IC delivery model? •How might lack of acceptance of the value or viability of the CC/IC model by stakeholders, lack of awareness of the clinical competencies of various members of the team, barriers to financial reimbursement for services, and lack of integration of support services within the practice cause a breakdown in efficacy? •What supportive interventions within the CC/IC model address such issues?   In addition, consider how successful health care models assume an understanding of each profession’s competencies and responsibilities. For example, primary care providers (PCPs) are sometimes unaware of the abilities and practice scope of psychology professionals. •Identify methods of targeted intervention and education for PCPs that might alleviate potential issues for the CC/IC model. •Explain how the APA Ethical Code of Conduct can be used to guide decisions in these complex situations. •Evaluate and comment on the potential work settings where you might find the CC/IC model. In what ways might this model provide more job satisfaction?

Could a person born blind understand perspective? Remember, touch is not subject to perspective projections; vision is the only sense that must deal with 3D to 2D projections.

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I want to use this discussion to consider perception, one of the major themes of this class.

Back in Chapter 6, we considered the problem of “space perception”, which is the problem of how we can visually perceive a 3D world given only 2D input. The retinal image is like a photograph, it is a 2D snapshot of the world. One solution involves touch. The idea is that touch has “privileged access” to the 3D nature of the world, because the input is inherently 3D, not 2D as with the retinal image.

This theory caused a philosopher named William Molyneux to pose a question in a letter he wrote to John Locke. He noted that it was, of course, normal for a person born blind to be able to distinguish the 3D shapes of objects via touch. For example, a blind person has no trouble distinguishing between a cube and a sphere held in the hand. However, what if this person was somehow given the ability to see? If we sat this newly seeing person down at a table and placed a cube and a sphere on the table before him, and without letting him touch them, would he be able to recognize the shapes? Recall that according to the aforementioned theory, 3D shape and depth perception requires learning to see in 3D by coupling touch experience with visual experience, that is, by looking at and touching things at the same time. Here’s the wikipedia article on Molyneux’s problem:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molyneux%27s_problem

To help understand this problem, consider the cube in image found at this link:

http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/thaler_sendhil08/images/image004.png 

The image is 2D. But we see it as a 3D cube. What shape are the sides of the cube? They are all square, of course. At least, that is how see perceive the sides. But what shape are they in the 2D image? The front and rear faces are square, but the sides of the cube are actually parallelograms in the image. Representing a 3D square as a 2D parallelogram is called a “perspective projection”. So the problem, for vision, is to learn how to deal with perspective…how to understand that the parallelogram is really a square. So, supposedly, touch is required in order for the visual system to learn this. Note also that the touch system is not subject to perspective problems, and that is why it is seen as having privileged access to 3D shape. When you touch the cube, all of the faces are registered directly by the fingers as square shapes, they never feel like parallelograms. So when you touch and look at the cube at the same time, you feel that all sides of the cube are square, and this tells this visual system that the sides that “look like” parallelograms are really squares. So if you read the wikipedia article on Molyneux’s problem, you’ll see that Locke and Berkeley agreed that the answer was “no, the person would not be able to visually recognize the objects”. Surely Lotze, with his theory of local signs, would agree. And Helmholtz, who argued that prior experience is needed, would also agree. However, Kant emphasized that 3D perception came from the innate categories of thought – so to whatever degree this is true, learning would not be required and Kant might say the answer is “yes, the person would recognize them.”

While it has not been possible to test the question scientifically because very few people are born blind, and for those that are, it is not possible to just “flip a switch” and “turn on” their eyes and ask them this question. But consider a different question. Could a person born blind understand perspective? Remember, touch is not subject to perspective projections; vision is the only sense that must deal with 3D to 2D projections. So the empiricists would say “no, a person born blind could not learn about perspective.” A rationalist might say “yes, because innate knowledge about depth would allow a blind person to understand perspective.” Consider these paintings:

http://esrefarmagan.com/gallery/ (Links to an external site.)

They portray depth in perspective, including the cues of linear perspective, relative size and atmospheric perspective. These paintings were made by a man born blind, who received no education, especially none about art and perspective, and who figured out how to draw like this entirely on his own. More info about him here’s

http://esrefarmagan.com/biography/ (Links to an external site.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esref_Armagan

A psychologist at the University of Toronto made this video about him:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTDQcSS809c

So what do you think? What do you think is the answer to Molyneux’s problem? Or to this other problem: how does a blind person learn to understand perspective?

edit: Esref Armagan’s site has recently been suspended, so for now the links to his painting gallery do not work. For now, try this link:

https://images.app.goo.gl/Ntirpmx1f8C5qXaLA