Discuss three ways in which cognitive psychology differs from behaviorism.  Describe cognitive neuroscience and the techniques used to map the brain.

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Need help on the following discussion questions….12 questions….. 50-75 words each…..

 

How do Bandura’s and Rotter’s views on cognitive factors differ from Skinner’s views?

How is modeling used to change behavior? Give an example.

How do people high in self-efficacy differ from people low in self-efficacy?

Distinguish between self-efficacy and locus of control in terms of their effects on behavior.

 

What factors impeded the acceptance of Gestalt psychology in the United States?

On what grounds has Gestalt psychology been criticized?

On what grounds did Gestalt psychologists criticize behaviorism?

In what ways did Gestalt psychology affect psychology as a whole?

 

Discuss three ways in which cognitive psychology differs from behaviorism.

Describe cognitive neuroscience and the techniques used to map the brain.

How does cognitive neuroscience relate to earlier attempts to explain brain functioning?

 

What is the present status of cognitive psychology?

To complete the attached worksheet, download and save a copy of it with your first and last name in the document title, answer the questions and attach your completed copy here.

The worksheet requires unpacking the key elements of a published scholarly journal article and demonstrating APA source citation skills, activities you will engage in frequently in the completion of a variety of assignments including essays, research papers and literature reviews in future courses.

Quoting is not permitted.  All answers must be written as paraphrases, meaning that you must restate what you read in your own words, with the exception of technical terms such as the names of diagnostic tests. You are not required to source credit the article in your answers to the Section I. “Key Article Components” questions.  Section II. “Source citing and reference listing in APA format” is where you will demonstrate knowledge of how to correctly format source crediting in APA style.

 

Answers will be graded for accuracy, thoroughness, clarity and correct spelling and grammar.

No content of the worksheet document may be removed or reordered.  Answers must be inserted in the spaces provided.

Discuss the impact of each scale of measurement on the ability or inability to be utilized on a test being standardized as a norm-referenced or criterion-referenced assessment.

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The Scales We Use and the Comparisons We Make

Resources

In this unit, you are introduced to four scales of measurement, which are easily remembered with the acronym NOIR, and include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Each of these levels or scales of measurement has its own properties, methods for assigning numbers or scores, and procedures for statistically manipulating them. As noted in your Psychological Testing and Assessment text, and adhering to a fundamentalist view of measurement statistics, all possible attributes in psychology can be examined through at least one of these four scales and the creation of scores that purport to measure them.

You also read about two methods for evaluating those scores through comparing them to a reference set of data; namely, norm-referenced testing and assessment, and criterion-referenced testing and assessment. Each of these methods is unique in the focus regarding a test’s scores or results.

Discuss the impact of each scale of measurement on the ability or inability to be utilized on a test being standardized as a norm-referenced or criterion-referenced assessment. For the purpose of this discussion, you may cluster the ordinal and interval scale together. Subsequently, your post will include the following four elements:

  • Ordinal or interval scale of measurement and norm-referenced test.
  • Ordinal or interval scale of measurement and criterion-referenced test.
  • Ratio scale of measurement and norm-referenced test.
  • Ratio scale of measurement and criterion-referenced test.

In you post:

  • Provide at least one example that is not in your Psychological Testing and Assessment text for each combination above and describe how the referencing data would be collected.
  • Provide a statement that evaluates which scale of measurement appears to be the most useful for examining attributes in psychology. Explain.
  • Evaluate which method of referencing (norm or criterion) appears to be the most useful for examining attributes in psychology. Explain your decision based on the area of focus regarding the test results. For example, identify if it is preferable to focus on how one individual performs relative to others who took the same test, or if it is preferable to only focus on what the individual can or cannot do.

 

Studies

Key Concepts

Review Unit 2 Key Concepts.

Readings

Use your Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurement text to complete the following:

  • Read Chapter 3, “A Statistics Refresher,” pages 77–116.
  • Read pages 124–143 of Chapter 4, “Of Tests and Testing.”

Use your Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing text to read Chapter 5, “Scores, Scales, Norms, Score Linking, and Cut Scores,” pages 95–107.

Use the Internet to review page 5 of “Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education” from Joint Committee on Testing Practices.

View the document List of Tests by Type [PDF]. See the assignment instructions and the course project information.

Media

Complete the following:

  • Click Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Assessment to view the presentation.
  • Click Measurement Scales Activity​ to view the presentation.
  • Click Correlation to view the presentation.

Unit 2 Learning Check

Complete the Unit 2 Learning Check quiz. All learning checks are required activities. While you do not receive a unit grade for completing each check, it remains a course requirement, and will assist you in understanding the content in the units, as well as prepare you for the final quiz in Unit 10, which is graded.

Explain the historical development of psychology as it is applied to law enforcement and how the role of psychology has evolved. Be sure to focus on how its role has changed over the years and how it has affected law enforcement.

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Create a PowerPoint presentation consisting of 10-15 slides (not including the cover slide and reference slide) that looks at the issues of the development of psychology in the field of law enforcement and the legal, ethical, and professional issues caused by incorporating psychologists into law enforcement. You will need to find and incorporate at least two credible research sources into this Assignment.

 

The Assignment should address the following topics:

 

  1. Explain the historical development of psychology as it is applied to law enforcement and how the role of psychology has evolved. Be sure to focus on how its role has changed over the years and how it has affected law enforcement.
  2. Analyze the professional issues caused by incorporating psychologists into law enforcement through examining standard policy regarding confidentiality for a police psychologist. Be sure to address the various roles of the psychologist in handling records, in being a counselor versus evaluator, and in providing assistance during critical incident debriefing.
  3. Investigate the legal issues regarding police psychology. Include the background and purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the role of forensic psychological testing in law enforcement and the issues that these two areas may raise for police psychologists.
  4. Examine the ethical issues that may arise from incorporating psychologists into law enforcement. What are some ethical guidelines must a police psychologist abide by? Why is it important to abide by these guidelines?

Directions

  • Your 10-15 slide requirement is excluding your title, introduction, and reference slides.
  • Use one basic slide design and layout.
  • Limit slides to between 6 and 8 lines of content.
  • You may use pictures, charts and graphs to supplement your material as long as they do not take up the entire slide
  • Use bullets for your main points.
  • Use speaker notes to fully explain what is being discussed in the bullet points as though you are presenting to an audience.

The PowerPoint Assignment should follow APA format and contain proper grammar and punctuation. The Assignment is due at the end of Unit 2 and should be submitted to the Dropbox,

 Discuss how easy/difficult it was to      write a false report that reads like real results, and how this experience      might affect you review research in the future.

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Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study.  Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.
A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:

  • Introduction: The introduction states a specific      hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to      previous research.
  • Methods: The methods section describes the details of how      the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in      that particular way.
  • Results: The results section is where the raw      uninterpreted data is presented.
  • Discussion: The discussion section is where an      argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis,      the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as      possible future directions for this type of research.

Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research.  You will create a research report based on a hypothetical problem, sample, results, and literature review.  Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:

  • Apply key concepts of inferential      hypothesis tests.
  • Interpret the research findings      of the study.
  • Examine the assumptions and      limitations of inferential tests.
  • Develop a practical application      of the research principles covered in this course.

Focus of the Research Report
To begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below.  Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study.  You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:

  • Recent      research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory.       Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before      taking math tests improved scores significantly.  Wong, Hideki,      Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on      memory tests after eating chocolate.
  • There      were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger      population.
  • A t-test was conducted to compare men      and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The      results showed an independentt-test      value of t .05(99) =      3.43; p < .05

Your research study must contain the following:

  1. Title Page
    1. Title of       your report
    2. Your name
    3. The course
    4. Instructor
    5. Date
  2. Introduction
    1. Introduce       the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose       of the paper and the research question and hypothesis.
    2. Discuss how       this study is related to other research on the topic.
    3. Elaborate on       the information from the references you were given.  State how they       relate to your hypothesis.
    4. Your       introduction must:
      • Consist of        a paragraph explaining what you are studying and why. Use previously        cited research to explain your expectations and discuss how those expectations        led to your hypothesis.
      • State a        clear and testable hypothesis and whether it is one-tailed or        two-tailed.  Make sure it is understandable to someone who has not        read the rest of your paper yet.  State the null hypothesis.
      • Include a        justification of the direction of your hypothesis.  In other words,        explain why you chose the direction of your hypothesis if it is        one-tailed (e.g., previous research suggests that people with big feet        are more likely to score higher on math tests; therefore the hypothesis        is one-tailed) or if it is two-tailed (e.g., previous research is not        clear on which group will perform better; therefore, the hypothesis is        two-tailed).
      • Describe        why this study is important.
  • Method
  1. Design: State the experimental      design of your study, the independent and dependent
    variables, and what the task was (e.g., what you had the participants do).
  2. Participants: Identify and      describe your sample, how the participants were selected
    to be in the study, and why you chose them.  Provide details for how      each individual was
    assigned to each group.
  3. Procedure: Describe the      precise procedure you used to conduct this research (i.e., exactly
    what you did).  It should be clear enough that anyone could replicate      your study.  This is the
    subsection where you tell the reader how you collected the data.
  4. Data Analysis: Describe the      statistical procedure used in the study to analyze the data.
  • Results: In this section, you will describe the statistical      results:
    1. State the       statistical tests that were used.
    2. Justify the       choice of test.
    3. State the       observed value and significance level and whether the test was one or       two-tailed.
    4. State your       conclusion in terms of the hypothesis.
    5. Did you       accept or reject the null hypothesis?
  • Discussion: Discuss your results as they relate to your      hypothesis.
  1. Did you accept      the hypothesis or reject it?
  2. Compare your      results to the previous studies mentioned in the introduction.  Are      your results similar or different? Discuss why.
  3. Tell the      readers what your findings mean.  Why did you get the results you      did?
  • Identify limitations to your      study.
  • Suggest ways your study could      be improved.
  • Suggest ideas for future      research, not just a continuation of your study, but research that is      similar to this study.  Perhaps one of the variables could be changed      or a different sample could be investigated.
  • Finish with a concluding      paragraph that is a statement of your findings and the key points of the      discussion.
  • Conclusion: Write a paragraph detailing your experience with      writing a research report.  Discuss how easy/difficult it was to      write a false report that reads like real results, and how this experience      might affect you review research in the future.  Do you think this      experience will provide you with a useful skill in your potential career?
  • References: You will create a minimum of three fictitious      references in the following format based on the information you have      created in the preceding sections of the report:
    1. Author, A.,       & Author, B. (Publication year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume number(issue       number), page numbers.
    2. Example:        Jones, A., & Williams, B. (2013). Why monkeys are good pets. Journal of Silly Science, 23(4), 221-222.

You may access the Critical Thinking Community (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. website for tips on how to formulate your report in a logical and meaningful manner.
Writing the Research Report
The Assignment:

  1. Must be three      to four double-spaced pages in length (excluding title and reference      pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford      Writing Center.
  2. Must include a      title page with the following:
  3. Title of paper
  4. Student’s name
  5. Course name      and number
  6. Instructor’s      name
  7. Date submitted
  • Must document      all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  • Must include      the sections with the appropriate headings and content listed above.