What would an Ethical Egoist say about this topic? What side would the Ethical Egoist take? What would the Ethical Egoist say to justify their moral position?

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Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

  • Textbook: Chapter 5, 6
  • Lesson
  • Minimum of 2 scholarly sources (in addition to the course textbook)

Instructions
This assignment is the first step in a three part project. You only need to focus on part one at this point. Each step will build on earlier steps. However, it is not a matter of providing a rough draft of all or even part of the entire project here in week three. That is, further steps might require completely new and original text.  At the same time, completing each step will aid you in completing a future step or future steps. And, you should use the same topic in all steps.

First, select a topic of moral controversy, debate, disagreement, and dispute, Examples of such topics are euthanasia, the death penalty, abortion, cloning, etc. You can pick any such topic. It need not be listed here.

Next, detail the positions of each side of the ethical debate. Note at least two moral reasons each side presents to show their view on the topic is correct.

Now, we want to evaluate these positions using the moral theories we studied this week:

  • What would an Ethical Egoist say about this topic? What side would the Ethical Egoist take? What would the Ethical Egoist say to justify their moral position? Is there a conflict between loyalty to self and to community relevant to your topic? If so, how so? Note what you feel is the best course of action.
  • What would a Social Contract Ethicist say about this topic? What side would the Social Contract Ethicist take? What would the Social Contract Ethicist say to justify their moral position? Does your topic involve a collision between personal obligations and national ones? If so, how so? Note what you feel is the best course of action.

Finally, reference and discuss any professional code of ethics relevant to your topic such as the AMA code for doctors, the ANA code for nurses, or any other pertinent professional code. State whether and how your chosen topic involves any conflicts between professional and familial duties.

Cite the textbook and incorporate outside sources, including citations.

Writing Requirements (APA format)

  • Length: 3-4pages (not including title page or references page)
  • 1-inch margins
  • Double spaced
  • 12-point Times New Roman font
  • Title page
  • References page (minimum of 2 scholarly sources in addition to the course textbook)

Reference

Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2019). The elements of moral philosophy (9th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.

Describe in detail the thoughts and emotions you felt while imagining the scenario. If you did experience this event, how do you think you would handle the final moments?

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Read the scenario on p, 283 of Positive Psychology.

 

Write a 1,050word paper including the following:

  • Describe in detail the thoughts and emotions you felt while imagining the scenario.
  • If you did experience this event, how do you think you would handle the final moments?
  • If you did experience this event, how would you describe your life up to this point.
  • In what ways can traumatic events be opportunities for growth?

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

 

(text)Imagine that you are visiting a friend

who lives on the 20th floor of an old,

downtown apartment building. It’s the

middle of the night when you are suddenly

awakened from a deep sleep by

the sound of screams and the choking

smell of smoke. You reach over to the

nightstand and turn on the light. You

are shocked to find the room filling fast

with thick clouds of smoke. You run to

the door and reach for the handle. You

pull back in pain as the intense heat of

the knob scalds you violently. Grabbing

a blanket off the bed and using it as

protection, you manage to turn the handle

and open the door. Almost immediately,

a huge wave of flame and smoke

pours into the room, knocking you

back and literally off your feet. There is

no way to leave the room. It is getting

very hard to breathe and the heat from

the flames is almost unbearable.

Panicked, you scramble to the only

window in the room and try to open it.

As you struggle, you realize that the old

window is virtually painted shut around

all the edges. It doesn’t budge. Your

eyes are barely open now, filled with

tears from the smoke. You try calling

for help but the air to form the words is

not here. You drop to the floor hoping

to escape the rising smoke, but it is too

late. The room is filled top to bottom

with thick fumes and nearly entirely

in flames. With your heart pounding,

it suddenly hits you, as time seems

to stand still, that you are literally

moments away from dying. The

inevitable unknown that was always

waiting for you has finally arrived. Out

of breath and weak, you shut your eyes

and wait for the end.

After reading this death scenario, participants

were asked to answer the following questions

(Cozzolino

Which is NOT an example of a safeguard used to prevent/reduce potential harm to participants? Informing the participant about the details of the study before participating

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POST PSY341 UNIT 8 FINAL EXAM

Question

Question 1

2 out of 2 points

Correct

Which of the following is NOT one of the six steps of the Scientific Method?

Communicate Findings to Others

Design/Run a Study

Review the Literature

Question 2

0 out of 2 points

Where in an article does the Literature Review usually appear?

Middle

End

Question 3

2 out of 2 points

The topics of the study, if complex, are usually defined within the Introduction section of an article.

True

False

Question 4

2 out of 2 points

Which study design would be the most appropriate? You don’t know anything about women, so you observe them and take notes on them to learn more.

Explanatory

Descriptive

Question 5

0 out of 2 points

Which study design would be the most appropriate? You know that there is a new treatment in a prison that seems to work. You believes it causes prisoners to think differently, so you run a study that measures thoughts. You compare a control group that receives no treatment with one that receives the new prison treatment.

Explanatory

Descriptive

Question 6

2 out of 2 points

Which study design would be the most appropriate? You observe two different prisons, one that has air-conditioning and one that doesn’t, to see which has more rioting.

Cross-Sectional

Cross-Sectional

Longitudinal

Question 7

2 out of 2 points

Which study design would be the most appropriate? You follow around the same prisoner for a year, measuring the changes in his aggression during each season of the year.

Cross-Sectional

Longitudinal

Question 8

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT a typical section included in a research study article:

Method

Discussion

Correct

Theory

Results

Introduction

Question 9

2 out of 2 points

Your hypothesis is largely based on the findings of previous literature regarding your topic.

True

False

Question 10

0 out of 2 points

What is the Independent Variable of this study’s hypothesis? Adolescents with single-parents are more likely to have low self-esteem.

Being an adolescent

Having single-parents

Having low self-esteem

Question 11

2 out of 2 points

What is the Independent Variable of this study’s hypothesis? A person’s anger will be increased when he or she takes revenge.

The person

The anger

The revenge

Question 12

2 out of 2 points

What is the Dependent Variable of this study’s hypothesis? Financial strain is the leading cause of bank robbery in Michigan.

Bank Robbery

Financial Strain

Bank Robbery

The Bank Robbers

Michigan

Question 13

2 out of 2 points

Which is true?

The Independent Variable influences the Dependent Variable

The Independent Variable influences the Dependent Variable

The Dependent Variable influences the Independent Variable

The Independent Variable and Dependent Variable equally affect each other

Question 14

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an example of Inductive or Deductive Reasoning? You think: If all seagulls have wings, and all seagulls fly, then all animals with wings must fly.

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Question 15

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an example of Inductive or Deductive Reasoning? You think: Jack is taller than Jill, and Jill is taller than George. Therefore, Jack is taller than George.

Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Question 16

0 out of 2 points

Is the following an example of Inductive or Deductive Reasoning? You know from previous studies that if someone punches a pillow to get rid of their anger, they will become more angry next time. You run a study based on this knowledge and have many people feel very angry later on from punching a pillow.

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Question 17

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT one of the top advantages of using self-report measures when compared to other types?

More Cost-effective

Quicker

More Valid

Can administer more than one at a time

Question 18

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT true of a peer-reviewed article?

It is always considered scholarly

It always has been edited many times

It is always reviewed by experts in the field

It is always reviewed by friends of the author

Question 19

2 out of 2 points

Which APA-style citation is correct?

One study found men to be “overly aggressive.” (Smith, pg. 3, 2000)

One study found men to be “overly aggressive” (Smith, p. 3).

One study found men to be “overly aggressive.”(Smith, 2000, pg. 3)

Question 20

2 out of 2 points

Which APA-style citation is correct?

One study, Smith (pg. 3), found men to be “overly aggressive.” (2000)

One study, Smith (p.3), found men to be “overly aggressive”.

One study, Smith (2000), found men to be “overly aggressive.” (pg. 3)

Question 21

2 out of 2 points

Which APA-style reference is correct?

Smith, J. K. (2000). Angry birds. Journal of Psychology, 28 (4), 15-16.

J.K. Smith, p. 15-16, Angry birds. Journal of Psychology, 28 (4), 2000.

Smith, J. K. (2000). Angry birds. Journal of Psychology, 28 (4), 15-16.

Smith, J. K. (2000). Angry birds. Journal of Psychology, 28 (4), 15-16.

Question 22

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT another word for reliability?

Dependability

Stability

Question 23

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT another word for validity?

Accuracy

Authenticity

Truthfulness

Loyalty

Question 24

2 out of 2 points

Which type of reliability is this? A test that is given today will receive the same score if given tomorrow.

Test-retest

Internal Consistency

Inter-rater

Parallel forms

Question 25

0 out of 2 points

Which type of validity is this? An experimenter that wants to measure depression makes sure her test indicates depressive behaviors and not something else.

Criterion

Construct

Question 26

2 out of 2 points

A weighing scale that is always 10 pounds off reflects:

High validity; Low reliability

High validity; High reliability

Low validity; Low reliability

Question 27

2 out of 2 points

Critical thinking question: Which of the following is a reason an experimenter might design a test with low face validity?

If she wants the participant to know what she is testing

If she does not want the participant to know what she is testing

If she wants the test to have similar scores when taken at different times

If she wants the test to be reliable

Question 28

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT typically a component of a method section?

Results

Participants

Design

Procedure

Materials

Question 29

2 out of 2 points

The results section gives the data found in a study, as well as the interpretations and implications of that data.

True

False

Question 30

2 out of 2 points

A large sample size will be more accurate than a small sample size.

True

False

Question 31

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT an example of probability sampling?

Simple Random

Systematic

Stratified

Correct

Convenience

Question 32

2 out of 2 points

Typically, quantitative study design has a firmer agenda and requires more preparation beforehand than qualitative study design.

True

False

Question 33

2 out of 2 points

Quantitative study design is more likely to be exploratory than qualitative.

True

False

Question 34

2 out of 2 points

Quantitative study design follows a more structured order than qualitative.

True

False

Question 35

2 out of 2 points

Correct

While there is a feminist paradigm that focuses on viewing society from a female perspective, there can really be paradigms for any culture, including religion, ethnicity, and political affiliation.

True

False

Question 36

Critical thinking question: Which design is a cross-sectional study more likely to have?

Question 37

2 out of 2 points

Since most studies done in America use American participants, the findings of those studies might not apply to other countries.

True

False

Question 38

0 out of 2 points

Randomly assigning participants to two groups balances out the groups, making them as similar as possible.

True

False

Question 39

2 out of 2 points

Which study design would be the most appropriate for the following scenario: You are measuring the difference in how well you play hockey from the beginning to end.

Within-subjects

Between-subjects

Question 40

2 out of 2 points

Correct

Which study design would be the most appropriate for the following scenario: You are measuring the difference in how well the home hockey team plays compared to the visiting team.

Within-subjects

Between-subjects

Question 41

2 out of 2 points

Which study design is the most likely to be used for this scenario: You are creating a study that examines the effects of being a victim of trauma on adult anxiety.

Classic (True) Experimental

Quasi-Experimental

Pre-experimental

Question 42

2 out of 2 points

Which study design is the most likely to be used for this scenario: You are creating a study where you are measuring the effects of music on anger. You randomly assign people into two different groups: Music and no music and have them think of angry thoughts while listening to music or no music.

Classic (True) Experimental

Quasi-Experimental

Pre-experimental

Question 43

2 out of 2 points

Would you use a mean or median with the following dataset: 1,3,3,5,6,18?

Mean

Median

Question 44

2 out of 2 points

What is the mode of the following dataset: 1,3,3,5,6,18?

3

5

6

18

Question 45

2 out of 2 points

The p-value has to be less than what number for the findings of a statistical test to be significant?

.05

.01

.05

.1

.5

Question 46

2 out of 2 points

What is your z-score if you scored a 20 on an exam with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 10?

0

1

10

20

Question 47

2 out of 2 points

How many groups are compared in an ANOVA?

3 or more

1

2

3 or more

Question 48

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT something a t-test and a correlation have in common?

They can compare 2 groups

You can find out relationships between different groups

You can tell whether or not there is significance using a p-value

You can see if the Independent Variable influences the Dependent Variable

Question 49

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT a component of a research study’s Discussion section?

Compares the study’s findings to the findings of previous research

Discusses the limitation of a study

Demonstrates how the study was run

Provides suggestions for future research studies

Question 50

0 out of 2 points

Which is NOT an example of a safeguard used to prevent/reduce potential harm to participants?

Informing the participant about the details of the study before participating

Debriefing the participant after participating

Confirming that the participant is participating as a volunteer

Ensuring the participant that all of the data is confidential

Provide an overview of the biological, psychological, sociocultural theories surrounding the causes of substance use disorders.

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In society, many people link abusing drugs or alcohol to an individual’s lack of personal responsibility or morality. Prior to American model Anna Nicole Smith’s death, which was from an apparently accidental overdose of several prescription medications, her son, Daniel, had died just months before from an apparent drug overdose. This incident poses the question of whether the son inherited a vulnerability to addiction from his mother or was the habit picked up from living with her over the years. Post should be at least 400–450 words in length.

Case study in attachment below.

 

To prepare for this week’s Discussion, review the following sources in addition to this week’s assigned Reading.

Proceed with this week’s Discussion by addressing the following about the nature of substance use disorders:

  1. Provide an overview of the biological, psychological, sociocultural theories surrounding the causes of substance use disorders.
  2. Next, select one of the theories (biological causes, psychological causes, or sociocultural causes) and defend and support how the selected approach can explain why people use psychoactive drugs, such as the individual in this week’s case study.
  3. Based on the selected cause, explain why it is difficult for a person to stop the drug or alcohol use and addiction