Does this correlation imply that individuals with high Intelligence Quotients (IQ) have high Grade Point Averages (GPA)?

/in /by

Essay 1

A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008.

For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study. Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods. Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study.

Your essay must address the following points:

  • Describe the research question for this experiment.
    • What were the null and alternative hypotheses?
    • Were the results of this test statistically significant?
    • If so, why were they significant?
  • Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
  • Do the results provide sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis?
  • Was the sample appropriate for this study? Explain your answer.
  • What are some possible limitations to this study?
  • Discuss how you would conduct a follow up study to this one. Explain your answer.
  • Describe the difference between practical and statistical significance.

Essay 2

A researcher has investigated the relationship between IQ and grade point average (GPA) and found the correlation to be .75.

For this essay, critique the results and interpretation of a correlational study.

  • Evaluate the correlational result and identify the strength of the correlation.
  • Examine the assumptions and limitations of the possible connection between the researcher’s chosen variables.
  • Identify and describe other statistical tests that could be used to study this relationship.

Your essay response must address the following questions:

  • How strong is this correlation?
    • Is this a positive or negative correlation?
    • What does this correlation mean?
  • Does this correlation imply that individuals with high Intelligence Quotients (IQ) have high Grade Point Averages (GPA)?
  • Does this correlation provide evidence that high IQ causes GPA to go higher?
    • What other variables might be influencing this relationship?
  • What is the connection between correlation and causation?
  • What are some of the factors that affect the size of this correlation?
  • Is correlation a good test for predicting GPA?
    • If not, what statistical tests should a researcher use, and why?

Essay 3

A researcher has recorded the reaction times of 20 individuals on a memory assessment. The following table indicates the individual times:

2.2 4.7 7.3 4.1
9.5 15.2 4.3 9.5
2.7 3.1 9.2 2.9
8.2 7.6 3.5 2.5
9.3 4.8 8.5 8.1

 

In this essay, demonstrate your ability to organize data into meaningful sets, calculate basic descriptive statistics, interpret the results, and evaluate the effects of outliers and changes in the variables. You may use Excel, one of the many free online descriptive statistics calculators, or calculate the values by hand and/or with a calculator.

Next, separate the data into two groups of 10; one group will be the lower reaction times, and the second group will be the higher reaction times. Then, address the following points in your essay response:

  • Calculate the sum, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, skew, and kurtosis for each group.
  • How do the two groups differ?
  • Are there any outliers in either data group?
  • What effect does an outlier have on a sample?

Lastly, double each sample by repeating the same 10 data points in each group. You will have a total of 20 data points for each group. After completing this, address the following in your essay response:

  • Calculate the following for the new data groups: sum, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, skew, and kurtosis.
  • Did any of the values change?
  • How does sample size affect those values?

Describe a typical work scenario based on your psychology  specialization. For example, if your specialization is clinical  psychology, a typical work situation may be providing therapy to a group  of low-income pregnant mothers.

/in /by

The Harmful Effect of Unconscious Bias

Human beings are imperfect creatures. Our upbringings, social  histories, and past experiences create and shape our biases. To avoid  being biased is to try to avoid being human. Even when we believe our  biases to be positive, they can be harmful to others.

Unconscious biases are hidden to the person with the bias; he or  she cannot address a problem without awareness that the problem exists.  In this discussion, you will analyze the harmful effects of unconscious  biases on three different types of culture: race and ethnicity, gender,  and sexual orientation.

Instructions

In your initial post to this discussion:

  • Describe a typical work scenario based on your psychology  specialization. For example, if your specialization is clinical  psychology, a typical work situation may be providing therapy to a group  of low-income pregnant mothers. Make sure that your scenario includes a  person of a different race and ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation  from your own.
    • How might you unknowingly convey prejudice, bias, and discrimination in that situation?
    • How do power and privilege factor into the situation you described?
    • What do you need to do to avoid this kind of situation as much as possible?

Your initial discussion post should be at least 200 words.

As you analyze and resolve the ethical dilemma and discuss the multicultural issues within the case you have chosen that relates to your specialization, you should also be incorporating a self-reflection piece based on Hays (2008) ADDRESSING model.

/in /by

As you analyze and resolve the ethical dilemma and discuss the multicultural issues within the case you have chosen that relates to your specialization, you should also be incorporating a self-reflection piece based on Hays (2008) ADDRESSING model. The components of ADDRESSING relate to aspects of diversity that might represent privilege in your culture, or might represent areas where people are in the multicultural minority. This is also a helpful model to address where people might have bias. For example, one of the Ds in ADDRESSING stands for Disability, R is for Religion, one S is for Sexual Orientation.

Because most of us have multifaceted cultural identities, you have likely experienced being in the cultural majority as well as the cultural minority, depending on the situation. One purpose of this exercise is to reflect on how your cultural memberships influence your ability to work professionally with people of the same cultural backgrounds, as well as with people of other cultural backgrounds, To get feedback on your writing and integration of this self-assessment and reflection for the final project paper, reflect upon and submit three of the ADDRESSING components and how you would address any bias you noted.

 

Other Assignment Requirements

 

  • Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
  • Format: Use current APA (6th edition) style and formatting guidelines.
  • Font: Arial, 10 point.
  • Length: 2–3 pages minimum, double-spaced, and excluding title page and reference list.
  • References: At least 2 scholarly sources.

 

Please refer to the Self-Reflection Using Hays ADDRESSING Model Scoring Guide to ensure you understand the grading criteria for this assignment

Do you think the numbers have increased due to improved methods of identifying and diagnosing children with autism spectrum disorder?

/in /by

Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Epidemic  The number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder has risen dramatically during the past few decades. Researchers are now calling it an urgent health matter; some are even calling it an epidemic. Between 1991 and 1999, the number of children in the United States receiving special education services for autism spectrum disorder rose 500%. The rate has nearly doubled in the past ten years across the country. In 2002, the rate of children with autism spectrum disorder was 1 in every 150 children. Currently, approximately 1 in every 88 children has autism spectrum disorder. This increase is happening not only in the United States; studies have found rates to be rising in Canada and across Europe, as well.   Using the module readings, the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, research the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder. Then, respond to the following: •Identify and explain at least three possible causes for the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder. •Analyze why so many children are developing autism spectrum disorder. ◦Do you think the numbers have increased due to improved methods of identifying and diagnosing children with autism spectrum disorder? Why or why not? ◦Are there some environmental, genetic, or cultural reasons for the increase? Explain your answer. •Recommend what we should do, as a society, to address this epidemic.  Write your initial response in 300–500 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources, including in-text citations and full references. Incorporate information from at least two academic sources to support your statements or ideas. Academic sources could include your textbook, required readings for this module, or academic journal articles found in the AU online library.