Each answer must be at least 325+ words and must accurately answer each question. Below, I’ll attach the readings as well as the four respective questions you’ll be answering.

1. AJ Ayer. Freedom and Necessity – pages 618 to 624

2. PF Strawson. Freedom and Resentment – pages 625 to 632

3. Thomas Nagel. Ethics – pages 870 to 878

4. Thomas Nagel. The Absurd – pages 996 to 1005

These are the specific readings you’ll be reviewing to complete the questions, however, there are specific instructions that go along with each question which I’ll make sure to provide as well in the attachments.

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Innovative concepts, such as the sequential role of unwanted energy flow, barriers to energy transfer, error, change, and risk, are systematically related along with the most current concepts of the behavioral, organizational, and analytical sciences. Translated to “analytical MORT” (the MORT logic diagram), these features of “programmatic MORT” accumulate to over 1,500 “basic events” (Le., causative problems or preventive measures related to an ideal safety system). These, in turn, underlie nearly 100 different generic problems identified in successively broader areas of management and accident prevention. Incorporated into the above listed concepts are some 50-70 “new ideas.” (The actual number is highly subjective, depending upon a person’s background and experience.) The way in which the MORT concept (programmatic MORT) is schematically represented by a logic diagram (analytical MORT) is shown in Figure I. 4 MORT is simply a diagram which arranges safety program elements in an orderly and logical manner. It presents a schematic representation of a dynamic, idealized (universal) safety system model using Fault Tree Analysis methodology. MORT structures the largely unstructured safety literature and current best safety practices into three levels of relationships: a. Generic Events (Problems) I98 Generic Problems I b. Basic Events (Causes) c. Criteria (Judgment rationale from the MORT text) /Thousands of criteria Judge Adequacy MORT makes explicit: a. The functions necessary to complete a process. b. The steps to fulfill a function. 0 Functions c. Judgment criterh (from the MORT text) by which to judge when a step is well done or is “less than adequate” (LTA). It provides relatively simple decision points in an accident analysis or safety system evaluation and enables an analyst or evaluator to detect omissions, oversights, or defects. Figure 1. Schematic of the MORT Process -5- MUMS Fundamental to a successful accident investigation or safety program evaluation is the assignment by higher management of technically qualified, competent, safety-motivated personnel to participate in the investigation. Even so, experience, to date, indicate that a well qualified person (but novice MORT practitioner), armed with only the MORT text and the MORT “work sheet” with its collection of symbols and terse statements, will likely find the initial encounter with the MORT proposition somewhat overwhelming. This User’s Manual was prepared to help the MORT practitioner develop a quick familiarity with the MORT process. In the remaining sections of Part I, the reader is introduced to the basic concepts of system analysis and the role of change. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), from which the more generalized MORT analytical procedure is derived, is briefly discussed in the Appendix. In Part I1 the actual User’s Manual plan is presented. The structured relationship of each generic causative problem or preventive measure to the idealized safety system is explained and fitted into the event indexing scheme adopted for the MORT diagram. As each major branch and its principal subbranches are listed, occasionally commentary relative to the safety program concept or best practice safety program element involved is made. With this additional insight, more probing questions can now be asked by the MORT analyst. The analyst, with enhanced understanding, is able to make a better judgment whether the specific safety program element being examined is “adequate” or “less than adequate” (LTA). The analyst, as previously mentioned, is encouraged to use the MORT diagram as a master “work sheet,” marking the individual program elements. Suggestions for working with the MORT analysis are made. The cross-reference tabulation to the index code used on the MORT diagram is presented in “indexed” fashion for easy location. Page number references back to the MORT text are provided in the parentheses that follow the indexed event tabulation. Once completed, the MORT analytical “work sheet” provides an all-important visibility to the accident investigation process or to the safety program evaluation.

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