1. According Interland (2009) the art of economics consists in looking not merely at the immediate but at the longer effects of any act or policy; it consists

of tracing the consequences of that policy not merely for one group but for all groups. Discuss

Jeneen Interlandi, “Not Just Urban Leg- end,” Newsweek, January, 19, 2009

Sample Solution

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Please listen to the NPR podcast on broken windows policing under Lesson 1 learning materials and answer one of the below questions.

https://www.npr.org/2016/11/01/500104506/broken-wi…

The broken windows model of policing was first described in 1982 in a seminal article by Wilson and Kelling. Briefly, the model focuses on the importance of

disorder (e.g., broken windows) in generating and sustaining more serious crime. Disorder is not directly linked to serious crime; instead, disorder leads to

increased fear and withdrawal from residents, which then allows more serious crime to move in because of decreased levels of informal social control. This

theory suggests that the police can play a key role in disrupting this process. If they focus in on disorder and less serious crime in neighborhoods that have

not yet been overtaken by serious crime, they can help reduce fear and resident withdrawal. This theory further suggests that promoting higher levels of

informal social control will help residents themselves take control of their neighborhood and prevent serious crime from infiltrating.

In NYC, this meant the police were doing things like arresting panhandlers (beggars), cracking down on sex shops, arresting people selling loose cigarettes

(Eric Gardner, who also said “I can’t breathe” before NYC police killed him in 2014, was being arrested for selling loose cigarettes), randomly stopping

people in “problem” neighborhoods to check them for guns (also called Stop and Frisk, which was declared an unconstitutional violation of people’s civil

rights), and arresting graffiti artists.

Let’s say you are a researcher who wants to study the relationship between social disorder and violent crime. How do you decide/define (in research terms

operationalize) what is disorder? Would selling loose cigarettes and loose undershirts on the street or graffiti on the street be social disorder? For

instance, if you were living in a neighborhood where there are no stores and you have to travel an hour to buy an undershirt, would you consider a person

selling loose shirts or loose cigarettes on the street corner as a sign of social order or social disorder?
The podcast talks about the things that policymakers and social scientists consider being signs of social disorder. The podcast also talks about the things

that policymakers and social scientists do not consider to be signs of social disorder (such as complaints about police and use of force). What will change if

as researchers we consider use of force and complaints against the police as a sign of disorder?

Sample Solution

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