Describe the categories of      antimicrobial agents.

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Antimicrobial agents are essential components in the treatment of various bacterial infections as they help to kill or prevent the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. Prior to the discovery of antimicrobial agents, treatment options for patients with bacterial infections were limited. For many patients, treatment often resulted in the amputation of limbs or even death. Today, treatment options for bacterial infections typically have a more positive prognosis. Due to the various types of infections presented in patients, it is essential to be able to identify the underlying cause of the infection—whether bacterial or viral—before recommending drug treatments. This will help you identify whether or not an antimicrobial agent would be appropriate and which specific agent would target the infection. In this Assignment, you consider the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents for infections.

To prepare:

  • – Review this week’s media presentation      on principles of antimicrobial therapy, as well as Chapter 8 of the      Arcangelo and Peterson text.
  • – Consider the categories of      antimicrobial agents.
  • – Think about differences between viral      and bacterial infections.
  • – Reflect on why proper identification      of the infection is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

POST a 2- to 3- page paper that addresses the following:

  • – Describe the categories of      antimicrobial agents.
  • – Describe differences between viral      and bacterial infections.
  • – Explain why proper identification of      viral and bacterial infections is key to selecting the proper      antimicrobial agent.

This work should have Introduction and conclusion

– This work should have at 4 to 6 current references (Year 2012 and up)

– Use at least 3 references from class Learning Resources

The following Resources are not acceptable:

1. Wikipedia

2. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section

3. Webmd.com

4. Mayoclinic.com

Required Readings

Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

  • Chapter 8, “Principles of      Antimicrobial Therapy” (pp. 111-134)
    This chapter covers factors that impact the selection of an antimicrobial      treatment regimen. It also examines the clinical uses, adverse events, and      drug interactions of various antimicrobial agents such as penicillin.
  • Chapter 12, “Fungal Infections      of the Skin” (pp. 163-196)
    This chapter explores the pathophysiology of several fungal infections of      the skin as well as related drug treatments and examines the importance of      patient education when managing these infections.
  • Chapter 14, “Bacterial      Infections of the Skin” (pp. 181-196)
    This chapter begins by examining causes of bacterial infections. It then      explores the importance of selecting an appropriate agent for treating      bacterial infections.
  • Chapter 32, “Urinary Tract      Infection” (pp. 519-526)
    This chapter covers drugs used to treat urinary tract infections and      identifies special considerations when treating geriatric patients,      pediatric patients, and women.
  • Chapter 35, “Sexually      Transmitted Infections” (pp. 512-535)
    This chapter outlines the causes, pathophysiology, and drug treatment of      six sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea, syphilis, and      human papilloma virus infection (HPV). It also examines the importance of      selecting the proper agent and monitoring patient response to treatment.
  • Chapter 49, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” (pp.      843-860)
    This chapter presents the causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria,      and prevention methods for HIV. It also covers various methods of drug      treatment and patient factors to consider when selecting, administering,      and managing drug treatments.

Krummenacher, I., Cavassini, M., Bugnon, O., & Schneider, M. (2011). An interdisciplinary HIV-adherence program combining motivational interviewing and electronic antiretroviral drug monitoring. AIDS Care, 23(5), 550–561.

This article analyzes medication adherence in HIV patients and examines factors that increase adherence as well as factors that contribute to termination or discontinuation of treatment.

Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/

This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.

Scourfield, A., Waters, L., & Nelson, M. (2011). Drug combinations for HIV: What’s new? Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 9(11), 1001–1011.

Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article examines current therapies and strategies for treating HIV patients. It also examines factors that impact selection of therapy, including drug interactions, personalization of therapy, costs, management of comorbidities, and patient response.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Antimicrobials. Baltimore, MD: Author.

This media presentation outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 7 minutes.

Mayer, K. H., & Krakower, D. (2012). Antiretroviral medication and HIV prevention: New steps forward and New Questions. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(4), 312–314.

Describe the disorder you selected, as well as associated alterations. Explain the pathophysiology of the alterations, including changes that occur in at least two body systems.

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Report Issue

APA format 6 peer review references 3 from Walden Library.  Please pick the topic Congestive Heart Failure or COPD from below list and follow instructions

 

Assignment: Application: The Pathophysiology of Disorders

In previous weeks, you explored various body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and hematological. These seven systems work together, along with other body systems, to complete a myriad of functions. For this reason, when disorders occur within one body system, they can create potentially devastating effects throughout the entire body. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the central nervous system, yet its alterations actually affect multiple body systems, from the cardiovascular system to the gastrointestinal system. In this Assignment, you examine alterations associated with disorders, as well as the impact of the alterations on multiple body systems.

To prepare:

  • From the list below, select a disorder of interest to you:
    • Alzheimer’s disease
    • Asthma in children
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Congestive heart failure
    • Hepatic disease (liver disease)
    • Hypertension
    • Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
    • Seizures
    • Sepsis
  • Reflect on alterations associated with the disorder you selected. Consider the pathophysiology of the alterations. Think about how these alterations produce pathophysiological changes in at least two body systems.
  • Think about the types of drugs that would be used to treat alterations associated with the disorder you selected.
  • Reflect on how patient factors, such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified. Then, consider how these factors might impact the effects of prescribed drugs, as well as measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
  • Locate an agency that provides patient education on your selected disorder and review the available materials and curriculum. Consider how you might be able to use those materials to educate a patient on the disorder, treatment options, management, and self-care.
By Day 7

Develop a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint Presentation that addresses the following:;

  • Describe the disorder you selected, as well as associated alterations. Explain the pathophysiology of the alterations, including changes that occur in at least two body systems.
  • Describe the types of drugs that would be prescribed to treat alterations associated with the disorder.
  • Explain how genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified and the effects of prescribed drugs.  Then, describe measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
  • Explain how you would use materials from a supporting agency to educate patients on the disorder, treatment options, management, and self-care.

What clinical manifestations are  present in Ms. G and what recommendations would you make for continued  treatment? Provide rationale for your recommendations.

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Case Scenario: Ms. G.,  a 23-year-old diabetic, is admitted to the hospital with a cellulitis  of her left lower leg. She has been applying heating pads to the leg for  the last 48 hours, but the leg has become more painful and she has  developed chilling.

Subjective Data
  • Complains of pain and heaviness in her leg.
  • States she cannot bear weight on her leg and has been in bed for 3 days.
  • Lives alone and has not had anyone to help her with meals.
Objective Data
  • Round, yellow-red, 2 cm diameter, 1 cm deep, open wound above medial malleolus with moderate amount of thick yellow drainage
  • Left leg red from knee to ankle
  • Calf measurement on left 3 in > than right
  • Temperature: 38.9 degrees C
  • Height: 160 cm; Weight: 83.7 kg
Laboratory Results
  • WBC 18.3 x 10¹² / L; 80% neutrophils, 12% bands
  • Wound culture: Staphylococcus aureus
Critical Thinking Questions
  1. What clinical manifestations are  present in Ms. G and what recommendations would you make for continued  treatment? Provide rationale for your recommendations.
  2. Identify the muscle groups likely to be affected by Ms. G’s condition by referring to “ARC: Anatomy Resource Center.”
  3. What is the significance of the  subjective and objective data provided with regard to follow-up  diagnostic/laboratory testing, education, and future preventative care?  Provide rationale for your answer.
  4. What factors are present in this  situation that could delay wound healing, and what precautions are  required to prevent delayed wound healing? Explain.

Safe Prescribing

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Safe Prescribing

In 1915, the Drug Enforcement Administration was formed, known then as the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Recognizing the variance in state laws and the process for completing applications for prescriptive authority and DEA registration is essential to the role of the NP as a prescriber. Within the last decade, safe prescribing of opioids has also become a national concern. For this Discussion, you will focus on the process for obtaining prescriptive authority after successfully completing your program of study and passing a National Certification Exam. You also will explore safe prescribing.

To prepare:

· Review your state’s process for obtaining prescriptive authority and associated fees

· Review the DEA website and review the process for obtaining a DEA number and associated fees.

· Review and select one of the following case studies and analyze the provider information:

o Case Study One: Lori, FNP-BC, is a new graduate and has recently passed her certification exam. She has just been hired to work for a Primary Care Clinic in a small town. She will be working with one physician at one site.

o Case study Two: James, FNP-BC, works with a physician who specializes in pain control. He works in several clinics in the large urban city where he practices.

By Day 3

Post a brief summary of your case study and an explanation of the appropriate prescriptive authority and DEA registration process needed for the case study you selected. Then, explain the safe prescribing practices that these providers should use for these settings.