Constructing quality arguments is harder than it sounds; you may find that your first few attempts have problems and that it takes quite a bit of time and effort to revise an argument to a point that the premises adequately support the conclusion

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This assignment is not an essay but an exercise that helps build toward your Final Paper for the course. Your task in this assignment is to construct the best argument you can for a position on a controversial topic. Your argument should be your own creation. You may take inspiration from other arguments, but the formulation of the argument you present should be original to you.

To prepare to write this paper,

 

  • Begin by choosing a topic from the PHI103 Final Paper Options list.
  • Construct an argument for a position on the topic. This is the position that you will defend in your Final Paper. Make your argument as good as possible: In particular, make sure that all of your premises are true and that the truth of the conclusion is demonstrated by your premises.
  • Consider possible objections to your argument, and revise it several times until you have an argument that is as strong as possible.
  • Search in the Ashford University Library for quality academic sources that support some aspect of your argument.
  • Constructing quality arguments is harder than it sounds; you may find that your first few attempts have problems and that it takes quite a bit of time and effort to revise an argument to a point that the premises adequately support the conclusion. You will be revising this argument for each of the remaining assignments in this course.

In your paper,

 

 

  • Present a main argument in standard form with each premise and the conclusion on a separate line.
  • Provide support for each premise of your argument. Explain the meaning of the premise, and provide supporting evidence for the premise. [One paragraph for each premise]
    • Pay special attention to those premises that could be seen as controversial. Evidence may include academic research sources, supporting arguments, or other ways of demonstrating the truth of the premise (for more ideas about how to support the truth of premises take a look at the instructor guidance for this week). This section should include at least one scholarly research source. For further information about discovering and including high-quality research take a look at the FindIt@AU Tutorial.
  • Explain how your conclusion follows from your premises.
    • For an example of how to complete this paper, take a look at the Week One Annotated example The Ethics of Elephants in Circuses. Let your instructor know if you have any remaining questions about how to complete this paper.

For guidance about how to paraphrase sources visit the Ashford Writing Center Guidelines for Paraphrasing Sources webpage. For guidance about how to quote sources visit the Ashford Writing Center Integrating Quotes Into Your Essay webpage. For guidance about summarizing visit the Ashford Writing Center Guidelines for Summarizing Sources webpage.

 

The Initial Argument Paper

 

  • Must be 400 to 600 words in length (not including the title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (for more information about using APA style, take a look at the APA Essay Checklist for Students.
  • Must include a separate title page with the following:
    • Title of paper
    • Student’s name
    • Course name and number
    • Instructor’s name
    • Date submitted
  • Must use at least one scholarly source in addition to the course text.
  • The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
  • Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (for more information about how to create an APA reference list, take a look at the APA References List webpage.
  • Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

Described and evaluated the market forces, current trends, and changes in drug benefit programs over the last fifteen years.

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Using the South University Online library or the Internet, research on a series of topics that will help you understand the current issues regarding managed care. You can use keywords, such as (but not limited to) managed care, current trends and issues in managed care, pharmacy benefit management, or utilization management. Like many other aspects of health care, managed care is continually changing and evolving to meet current consumer and market demands. This week, you are required to write an essay on the following topics:

 

Pharmacy benefit managementUtilization management

 

Use the following guidelines for developing your essay:

 

Select at least two articles for each topic from the SUO library, and write a review for each source of information.Present a summary for each topic tying together the information learned about that topic.Describe and evaluate the market forces, current trends, and changes in drug benefit programs over the last fifteen years.Discuss basic approaches and techniques used in utilization management.Analyze the future of utilization management approaches. How might they change and why?Justify your ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from reputable and scholarly texts, websites, and other references.

 

Based on your research, summarize your findings on the selected topics and compile your observations in a 5- to 6-page Microsoft Word document.

 

Support your responses with examples.

 

CITE any sources in APA FORMAT

 

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria

 

Maximum Points

 

Selected at least two reputable articles per topic and write a review for each source of information (each article).

 

20

 

Presented a summary for each topic.

 

20

 

Described and evaluated the market forces, current trends, and changes in drug benefit programs over the last fifteen years.

 

40

 

Discussed basic approaches and techniques used in utilization management.

 

20

 

Analyzed the future of utilization management approaches and how the techniques might change.

 

40

 

Justified your ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from reputable and scholarly texts, websites, and other references.

 

20

 

Written components.

 

40

 

Total:

 

200

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*********                                            **********     SECOND PAPER **********          *************

 

Annotated Bibliography

 

In this week, you will complete an annotated bibliography for a position paper that will be due in Week 5. For more information on the required format of the bibliography please click on annotated bibliography template. Choosing what area you would like to study in addictions begins with examining the following areas related to the course competencies:

 

Major psychological theories and principles in the field of addictionsHistorical link to modern issues and trends in the field of addictionsCurrent and evolving trends in the field of addictionsNature of geographic, social, cognitive, and emotional factors in the development, course, and duration of addictionsDifferences in patterns of addiction in the context of gender and developmental issuesIllegal and legal substance use issues regarding physical, social, and psychological effectsImpact of treatment and prevention methods on the incidence, course, and duration of addictive behaviors

 

Use this as a guide when choosing research articles.

 

Note: This is a course on psychology. Therefore, the research should relate to addictions but from a psychological perspective and less on purely the medical issues related to the disorders and conditions.

 

Choose any three of the topics mentioned above. Using the South University Online Library database (ProQuest or EBSCOHOST), find two journal articles related to each of the topic areas chosen. You need to research articles located in scholarly journals. Scholarly journal articles are also referred as primary source peer reviewed articles. You should not use web pages, magazines, newspapers, textbooks, and other books for this assignment. Also, research articles that were published within the last five or six years.

 

Based on your research, create a 4- document in Microsoft Word that includes:

 

A summary for each of the journal articles found.An analysis and evaluation for each of the journal articles found.

 

Support your responses with examples.

 

Cite any sources in APA format.

 

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria

 

Maximum Points

 

Wrote a summary for each of the journal articles found.

 

80

 

Wrote an analysis and evaluation for each of the journal articles found.

 

80

 

Used correct spelling, grammar, professional vocabulary, and APA format.

 

40

 

Total:

 

List at least four questions you would include in your assessment session with Chablis.  Why would you include these questions?

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  1. Jossy is 6 year old and is in elementary school.  At her last doctor visit, her measured height was 46 inches and her weight was 60 pounds.  Her pediatrician voiced concern over Jossy’s excessive weight gain over the past year.  Her usual diet consists of sweetened cereal with whole milk and fruit juice for breakfast and a juice drink and crackers for her mid-morning snack.  On school days, Jossy buys her lunch at school; her favorite menu items are pizza and tacos.  Jossy’s mother states that she started a new job this past year, which requires that Jossy attend an after-school program until 6 in the evening.  She receives a snack there, usually an 8 oz box of fruit juice and crackers.  Jossy’s parents report that Jossy is “always hungry” and they will often stop for her favorite chicken nuggets, fries, and soda on late evenings when the family is too tired to cook.  Jossy likes to play video games and has a computer and television in her room.  Her father complains that she spends more time in her room than playing outside.  Jossy’s mother is overweight and her father is of normal weight, although he states he was overweight as a child.  The family has discussed getting more exercise on the weekends but are not sure how to add this to their already busy schedules. 

 

  1. Calculate Jossy’s body mass index (BMI) and use this to evaluate her weight status using the information in Figure 16-10. 
  2. From the information in chapter 16, what are some factors that may have contributed to Jossy’s excess weight gain over the past year?

 

 

 

  1. Considering her age and the information in chapter 16, what would be a reasonable weight management goal for Jossy?

 

 

 

  1. Using the recommendations in Table 16-7, what strategies would you suggest that Jossy and her parents incorporate into their current lifestyle?

 

 

 

  1. Based on her usual intake, identify at least 2 or 3 nutrients likely to be deficient in Jossy’s diet.  What major food groups provide these nutrients?

 

 

 

  1. Assuming her current level of activity, what are Jossy’s estimated daily kcalorie needs according to Table 16-5? 

 

  1. Chablis is a 14 year-old female who has been referred to you by her mother and family physician.  Mom is concerned that Chablis is not eating right and her doctor wants you to give Chablis some nutrition advice because she wants to be a vegetarian.  Chablis has heard that red meat contains a lot of fat and she “does not want to get fat.”  A physical exam by her physician shows that Chablis is in the early stage of sexual maturation, she weighs 89 pounds, and she is 5 feet tall.  Chablis is extremely active, spending every afternoon after school playing some kind of sport – basketball, swimming, track, or soccer. 

 

  1. List at least four questions you would include in your assessment session with Chablis.  Why would you include these questions? 
  2. How would you address Chablis’ concern about meat and her desire to be a vegetarian? What are some sources of valid nutrition information you might recommend?

 

 

 

  1. How would you counsel Chablis regarding her desire not to get fat?

 

 

 

  1. What advice would you give Chablis’ parents regarding their interactions related to food?

 

 

 

  1. Angela has been breastfeeding her baby since he was born seven months ago.  When she and her husband took the baby to the pediatrician for his check-up, they were told that he was anemic.  They were surprised, since they thought that human milk contained all of the nutrients the baby needed for the first year of life.  How can you explain the baby’s anemia? 

    5.         Compare the nutrient needs on the basis of per pound body weight for a 5 month male old infant (13 pounds) and the 20 year old male adult (160 pounds) for kcalories, protein, vitamin D, vitamin C, calcium, and iron – complete the following chart.  NOTE:  To calculate the per pound amount, divide the nutrient need by the number of pounds of the individual.:

     

 

Per Pound
Nutrient 5 month old male infant 20 year old male
kcalories
Protein, g
Vitamin D, µg
Vitamin C, mg
Calcium, mg
Iron, mg

 

 

 

6.         The ‘fountain of youth’ has been a mystery for many centuries.  People used believe if they drank water from the fountain, the aging process would stop.  Ponce de Leon was said to be searching for the fountain when he traveled to what is now Florida in the 16th century.  Today, the fountain is associated with Florida in St. Augustine.  Chase, a history student, maintains that the fountain of youth is not a place or a particular thing, but rather is a combination of diet and lifestyle.  How can Chase justify this claim?

 

 

 

7.         Jamie is interested in helping the elderly and works as a volunteer at a local retirement home.  She has noticed that a number of the residents have decreased appetites and diminished senses of taste and smell.  Also, depression seems to be common among the residents.  How can Jamie explain these observations?

 

 

 

8.         Mildred is a 75-year-old retired school teacher who lives in Florida.  About a year ago, Mildred lost her husband of forty-five years.  Mildred has three children, two of whom live out of state.  Her youngest daughter, Charlene, lives about an hour away.  Mildred has been retired for ten years.

 

 

 

Despite the demands of her teaching career, Mildred always managed to prepare and serve evening meals for her family.  During retirement, she continued this routine of cooking for herself and her late husband Vernon.  Now that she is living alone, Mildred continues to live independently preparing her own meals and doing light housekeeping.  She has realized, however, that it is difficult to cook for only one person.  On the positive side, Mildred is occasionally inspired to cook a creative meal and freeze the leftovers for later use.  In recent months, Mildred has become increasingly passive about cooking and has started skipping some meals.  She especially tends to forgo dinner.  Some days she snacks or eats what is available in her refrigerator.  She has also stopped her only form of exercise, walking on a daily basis.

 

 

 

Mildred prefers to live independently but Charlene, her daughter, is concerned about her mother’s change of behavior and knows that her health will decline if her nutrition doesn’t improve.

 

 

 

What advice would you give to Mildred?

 

 

 

What could she do to improve her appetite and motivation to cook?

 

 

 

9.         The elderly may be challenged by chronic health issues as a result of physiologic challenges.  They also may suffer from mental health issues as a consequence of aging.  Discuss the many challenges one might work around to enhance the nutritional status of an elderly client as a healthcare professional.

 

Calculate an age-adjusted rate for heart disease in each country. Use the age distribution of the entire world as your standard.

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QUESTION 1

1.       Recently, a report was published describing a string of cases of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis among passengers on cruise ships. From this report, an epidemiologist went on to form a number of hypotheses as to why there had been this rather unusual increase in reported gastroenteritis outbreaks on cruise ships in 2012. The cruise ship owners contacted the Centers of Disease control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct an in-depth analysis of the possible modes of transmission of the Norwalk virus in the cruise ship environment. CDC investigators interviewed all of the passengers on the last affected cruise (N=3,000) and obtained information on the passenger’s recreational activities. They found the following results: 1,000 passengers had gone swimming in the upper deck pool and 2,000 passengers had never gone swimming in the upper deck pool. 100 of the passengers who swam in the upper deck pool and 100 of the passengers who did not swim in this pool developed Norwalk virus gastroenteritis during the cruise. FYI: The cruise lasted one week.

·         Set up the 2×2 table for these data.

·         Calculate the risk ratio of gastroenteritis associated with swimming in the upper deck pool.

·         State in words your interpretation of the above risk ratio

·         Calculate the risk difference in the above example

·         State in words your interpretation of the above risk difference

 

 

QUESTION 2

1.       Recently, Australian researchers conducted a study of the relationship between optimism and colon cancer survival. Their hypothesis was that colon cancer patients who had a positive outlook on life would have a lower five-year cumulative incidence of mortality. The study included 100 recently diagnosed colon cancer patients who underwent psychological testing and were found to have a optimistic outlook on life and 100 recently diagnosed colon cancer patients who underwent the same psychological tests and were found to have a pessimistic outlook on life. By the end of five years of follow-up, 50 of the 100 patients with the optimistic outlook and 75 of the 100 patients with the pessimistic outlook had died from colon cancer.

·         Set up and fill in the two by two table using these data.

·         What is the prevalence of colon cancer in the study population?

·         Compare the cumulative incidence of mortality in the optimistic group to the cumulative incidence of mortality in the pessimistic group using a ratio measure of association.

·         State in words your interpretation of the result you found in part c.

 

QUESTION 3

 

The following table describes hypothetical age-specific rates of heart disease in India and the United States in 2009. Also included are hypothetical age distributions for the two countries and  the entire world population.

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·         Calculate the crude rate of heart disease for each of the two countries. Suppose that you want to compare the rate of heart disease in India to that in the United States. You know that age is an important risk factor for heart disease. Examine the age distribution of each country’s population.

·         Should you use the two crude rates to compare the two countries? Why or why not?

·         Calculate an age-adjusted rate for heart disease in each country. Use the age distribution of the entire world as your standard.

·         Based on these answers, would you say that the age differences between India and the United States account for the entire difference in crude heart disease rates between the two countries?  Why or why not?