QUESTION 1

1. Which of the below are true of an argument’s form?

*Note: This question has more than one right answer – mark all that apply.*

 

 

It is the same thing as the argument’s inference.

 

 

It has absolutely nothing to do with determining the truth status of the argument’s conclusion (that is, when we take into consideration the truth status of the premises).

 

 

It links the evidentiary support presented in the premises to the supported conclusion.

 

 

If the argument is deductive, its form can either be valid or invalid.

 

 

You can symbolize it with letters or in some other way regardless of the particular meaning of the premises.

 

 

It has absolutely nothing to do with the concepts of soundness, unsoundness, cogency, and uncogency.

 

 

QUESTION 2

1. Which of the below options is NOT true of an argument’s content?

 

 

It is distinct from (yet related to in determining the truth status of the argument’s conclusion) the argument’s form.

 

 

It refers to the premises and conclusions of arguments.

 

 

You can NOT learn anything about the argument’s conclusion based on the truth of the premises and the structure of the argument’s inference.

 

 

The parts of the argument that comprise the argument’s content are true or false.

 

QUESTION 3

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Rachel and Jessica have very toned bodies, and they work out on a Roboflex exercise machine. So if I use a Roboflex exercise machine, I’ll be able to get the same results.”

 

 

an inductive argument

 

 

a deductive argument

 

 

not an argument

 

 

a practical argument

 

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“To every existing thing God wills some good. Hence, since to love anything is nothing else than to will good to that thing, it is manifest that God loves everything that exists.”

 

 

a deductive argument

 

 

an inductive argument

 

 

an analogical argument

 

 

not an argument

 

 

QUESTION 5

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders supports a nationalized healthcare system run by the government – a system that parallels one employed by Nazi Germany in the middle of the twentieth century. Sanders then is a fascist in the mold of Adolf Hitler.”

 

 

a practical argument

 

 

a deductive argument

 

 

an inductive argument

 

 

an analogical argument

 

 

QUESTION 6

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Tommy behaves strangely. He hides from strangers, has imaginary friends, and fidgets nervously. I think he acts this way because he feels that other people are always judging him.”

 

 

an inductive argument

 

 

an abductive argument

 

 

a practical argument

 

 

a deductive argument

 

 

QUESTION 7

1. Which of the below is NOT a possible definition of validity?

2.

 

The form of a deductive argument where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

 

 

The form of a deductive argument where the truth of the premises makes the falsity of the conclusion impossible.

 

 

The form of a deductive argument where the truth of the premises just makes the truth of the conclusion highly probable.

 

 

The form of a deductive argument which is not invalid.

 

 

QUESTION 8

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“There hasn’t been a tornado in the New York City area any of the days for the whole past decade, so I really don’t think one will happen there today. If one will happen, animals would be acting weird and there would be intense bouts of hail and rain followed by deadly calm weather – a signal of quickly shifting weather patterns around NYC. Nobody has seen any of these things in NYC, so I don’t think there will be a tornado there today.”

(Hint: Animals acting weirdly and the quick shifts in weather conditions are the ONLY relevant conditions to consider here to establish the pattern. BUT, maybe you should read this story to see if the first premise is true: http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/09/17/how-often-do-tornadoes-hit-new-york-city/).

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form yet is uncogent because at least one of the premises is false (yet the TER is met)

 

 

an inductive argument with weak form which is thus uncogent (yet the TER is met)

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form yet is uncogent because the TER is not met

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form and is cogent (the premises are true and the TER is met)

 

QUESTION 9

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Linda’s back hurts every Tuesday and Thursday. It’s probably due to her lifting those 50 pound weights on Mondays and Wednesdays (when she hasn’t exercised in over a year).”

*Note: Assume the premises are true.*

 

 

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound because the premises are true

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form (we can’t tell if it is cogent or uncogent, though, because we don’t know if the TER is met)

 

 

an abductive argument that is an inference to the best explanation

 

 

an abductive argument that is an inference to a poor explanation

 

QUESTION 10

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Tim’s doctor says his cholesterol is through the roof, he is dangerously overweight, and he has diabetes. He truly wants to lose weight and live more healthily so he doesn’t die as a young man, leaving his beloved family behind. But Tim thinks KFC and McRibs are delicious for the few minutes when he is consuming them (afterwards he feels regret), so he should NOT give up eating fast-food daily.”

*Note: Assume the premises are true.*

 

 

a bad practical argument

 

 

a good practical argument

 

 

an abductive argument that is an inference to the best explanation

 

 

an abductive argument that is an inference to a poor explanation

 

QUESTION 11

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“The vast majority of people who graduate from high school and who are from a developed nation like America can recognize a car as a car. I predict Jan – one of my neighbors in Toledo – will be able to recognize this car as a car.”

*Note: Assume the premises are all true.*

(Hint: Are these the only relevant criteria to consider? What do we not know about Jan?)

 

 

a deductive argument which is invalid and thus unsound

 

 

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form and is cogent (the TER is met and the premises are true)

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form yet which is uncogent because the TER is not met (though the premises are true)

 

 

QUESTION 12

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Triangles are geometric shapes featuring three sides with interior angles that add up to 180 degrees. This polygon (Δ) has three sides with three interior angles that add up to 180 degrees. Thus, this polygon (Δ) is a triangle.”

*Note: The premises are all true.*

 

 

a deductive argument with valid form and which is sound (because the premises are true)

 

 

a deductive argument with invalid form and is unsound because of it

 

 

a good analogy

 

 

an inductive argument with weak form and is thus uncogent

 

 

QUESTION 13

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“I talked to Sheila yesterday, and she said she finds the eventual American involvement in the Syrian conflict to be distasteful. She said she wants to know why we feel justified violating another country’s sovereignty. We shouldn’t be there for this reason, she says.”

 

 

not an argument

 

 

a good practical argument

 

 

a bad practical argument

 

 

an abductive argument which is an inference to the best explanation

 

QUESTION 14

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Maxwell will NOT pass this class if he fails to pass all of the assignments/exams or if he fails to overcome the urge to punch the instructor in the face during class. Maxwell won’t pass the course. Thus, he punched the instructor in the face during class.”

*Note: Assume the premises are false.*

 

 

a deductive argument with valid form yet is unsound because the premises are false

 

 

a deductive argument with invalid form which is unsound because of it

 

 

a bad practical argument

 

 

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound

 

QUESTION 15

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“Jan spent $1200 on a baby stroller. $1200 is what I spent on my bomb shelter, which is nearly indestructible. I imagine, for that kind of money, this stroller is also nearly indestructible.”

*Note: Assume the premises are true.*

 

 

a bad practical argument

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form which is cogent

 

 

a good analogy

 

 

a bad analogy

 

 

QUESTION 16

1. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?

“This single Fiber One Chewy Bar from the vending machine is delicious! I bet every other item in this vending machine will also be delicious.”

*Assume the premises are true.*

 

 

an inductive argument with weak form which is thus uncogent

 

 

an inductive argument with strong form which is cogent

 

 

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound

 

 

a deductive argument with invalid form which is unsound because of it

 

 

QUESTION 17

1. Which of the below is the name of the method where you check a syllogistic argument for invalidity by abstracting away from it the form and then replacing it with new content where the premises are true and the conclusion false?

2.

 

the counterexample method

 

 

the viability method

 

 

the invalidity method

 

 

the syllogistic method

 

 

QUESTION 18

1. Which of the below options is the abstracted form of the following argument?

“Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Thus, some toxic dumps are undesirable places to live near.”

*Note: “T” = “toxic dumps”, “S” = “sites that emit hazardous wastes”, “U” = “undesirable places to live near”*

 

 

All U are T, and some T are U. Thus, some T are S.

 

 

Some S are T, and some U are S. Thus, some T are U.

 

 

Some T are S, and all S are U. Thus, some T are U.

 

 

Some T are S, and some S are U. Thus, some T are U.

 

QUESTION 19

1. Use the counterexample method to determine the answer to this question: is the following argument valid?

“Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Thus, some toxic dumps are undesirable places to live near.”

*Note: “T” = “toxic dumps”, “S” = “sites that emit hazardous wastes”, “U” = “undesirable places to live near”*

Yes

 

No

 

QUESTION 20

1. Which of the below options is the abstracted form of the following argument?

“All persons who assist others in suicide are people guilty of murder. Accordingly, some individuals motivated by compassion are not persons guilty of murder, inasmuch as some people who assist others in suicide are individuals motivated by compassion.”

*Note: “P” = “persons who assist others in suicide”, “G” = “persons guilty of murder”, “I” = “individuals motivated by compassion”*

 

 

All P are G. Accordingly, all I are G, inasmuch as some P are I.

 

 

Some G are P. Accordingly, some P are not I, inasmuch as some G are P.

 

 

All P are G. Accordingly, some I are not G, inasmuch as some P are I.

 

 

Some P are G. Accordingly, all I are not G, inasmuch as all P are I.

 

QUESTION 21

1. Use the counterexample method to determine the answer to this question: is the following argument valid?

“All apples are pieces of fruit. All pieces of fruit are food items. Thus, all apples are food items.”

Yes

 

No

 

 

 

QUESTION 22

1. Is the following argument (technically) deductive AND valid?

“(P) The conclusion of this argument is true.

(C) The sun will rise in the east tomorrow as it has every preceding day that I can remember.”

Yes

 

No

 

 

QUESTION 23

1. If an argument is deductive, valid, AND has true premises, do we know for an absolute fact that the conclusion of that argument is true?

Yes

 

In May 2012, Alice Randall wrote an article for The New York Times on the cultural factors that encouraged black women to maintain a weight above what is considered healthy. Randall explained—from her observations and her personal experience as a black woman—that many African-American communities and cultures consider women who are overweight to be more beautiful and desirable than women at a healthier weight. As she put it, “Many black women are fat because we want to be” (Randall, 2012).

Randall’s statements sparked a great deal of controversy and debate; however, they emphasize an underlying reality in the health care field: different populations, cultures, and groups have diverse beliefs and practices that impact their health. Nurses and health care professionals should be aware of this reality and adapt their health assessment techniques and recommendations to accommodate diversity.

In this Discussion, you will consider different socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors that should be taken into considerations when building a health history for patients with diverse backgrounds.

Case 1

Subjective Data
CC: “I came for my annual physical exam, but do not want to be a burden to my daughter.”
History of Present Illness (HPI): At-risk 86-year-old Asian male – who is physically and financially dependent on his daughter, a single mother who has little time or money for her father’s health needs.

PMH: hypertension (HTN), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), b12 deficiency and chronic prostatitis
PSH: S/P cholecystectomy
Drug Hx:
Current Meds: Lisinopril 10mg daily, Prilosec 20mg daily, B12 injections monthly, and cipro 100mg daily.

Review of Systems (ROS)
General: + weight loss of 25 lbs over the past year; no recent fatigue, fever or chills.
Head, eyes, ears, nose & throat (HEENT): no changes in vision or hearing, no difficulty chewing or swallowing.
Neck: no pain or injury
Respiratory:
CV:
GI:
GU: no urinary hesitancy or change in urine stream
Integument: multiple bruises on his upper arms and back.
MS/Neuro: + falls x 2 within the last 6 months; no syncopal episodes or dizziness
Psych:

Objective Data
PE: B/P 188/96; Pulse 89; RR 16; Temp 99.0; Ht 5,6; wt 110; BMI 17.8

HEENT: Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, arcus senilus bilaterally, conjunctiva and sclera clear, nares patent, ornasopharynx clear, edentulous.
Lungs: CTA AP&L
Cor: S1S2 without rub or gallop
Abd: benign, normoactive bowel sounds x 4
Ext: no cyanosis, clubbing or edema
Integument: multiple bruises in different stages of healing – on his upper arms and back.
Neuro: No obvious deformities, CN grossly intact II-XII

Case 2

Subjective Data
CC: “I am here for my annual physical exam and have been having vaginal discharge.”
History of Present Illness (HPI): 32-year-old pregnant lesbian – her pregnancy has been without complication thus far. She has been receiving prenatal care from an obstetrician. She received sperm from a local sperm bank.

Drug Hx:
Current Medications: prenatal vitamins and takes Tylenol over the counter for aches and pains on occasion
Family Hx: She a strong family history of diabetes. Gravida 1; Para 0; Abortions 0.

Review of Systems (ROS)
General: no fatigue, fever or chills.
Head, eyes, ears, nose & throat (HEENT):
Neck: no pain or injury
Respiratory:
CV:
GI:
GU:
Integument: multiple piercings, and tattoos. Old scars related to “cutting”.
Neuro: no syncopal episodes or dizziness, no change in memory or thinking patterns; no twitches or abnormal movements

Objective Data
PE: B/P 128/76; Pulse 83; RR 16; Temp 99.0; Ht 5,6; wt 128; BMI 20.98

HEENT: Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, conjunctiva and sclera clear; nares patent, ornasopharynx clear, good dentition. Piercing in her right nostril and lower lip.
Lungs: CTA AP&L
Cor: S1S2 without rub or gallop
Abd: benign, normoactive bowel sounds x 4
GU: external genitalia intact, no lesions or masses. White copious discharge with an amine odor; no cervical motion tenderness; adenxa intact.
Ext: no cyanosis, clubbing or edema
Integument: intact without lesions masses or rashes.
Neuro: No obvious deficits and CN grossly intact II-XII

Case 3

Subjective Data
CC: “Annual physical exam”
History of Present Illness (HPI): 23-year-old Native American male comes in to see you because he has been having anxiety and wants something to help him. He has been smoking “pot” and says he drinks to help him too. He tells you he is afraid that he will not get into Heaven if he continues in this lifestyle.
Drug Hx:
Current medication – denied
Allergies: no allergies to food or medications.
Family history: is very positive for diabetes, hypertension, and alcoholism.

Review of Systems (ROS)
General: no recent weight gains of losses, fatigue, fever or chills.
Head, eyes, ears, nose & throat (HEENT):
Neck:
Respiratory:
CV: no chest discomfort or palpitations
GI:
GU:
Integument: history of eczema – not active
MS/Neuro: no syncopal episodes or dizziness, no change in memory or thinking patterns; no twitches or abnormal movements
Psych:

Objective Data
PE: B/P 158/90; Pulse 88; RR 18; Temp 99.2; Ht 5,7; wt 208; BMI 32.6

General: 23 year old male appears well developed and well nourished. He is anxious – pacing in the room and fidgeting, but in no acute distress.
HEENT: Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, sclera with mild icterus, nares patent, ornasopharynx clear, poor dentition – multiple carries.
Lungs: CTA AP&L
Cor: S1S2, +II/VI holosystolic murmur; without rub or gallop
Abd: benign, normoactive bowel sounds x 4; Hepatomegaly 2cm below the costal margin.
Ext: no cyanosis, clubbing or edema
Integument: intact without lesions masses or rashes.
Neuro: No obvious deficits and CN grossly intact II-XII

To prepare:

·        Reflect on your experiences as a nurse and on the information provided in this week’s Learning Resources on diversity issues in health assessments.

·        Select one of the three case studies. Reflect on the provided patient information.

·        Reflect on the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors related to the health of the patient you selected.

·        Consider how you would build a health history for the patient. What questions would you ask, and how would you frame them to be sensitive to the patient’s background, lifestyle, and culture? Develop five targeted questions you would ask the patient to build his or her health history and to assess his or her health risks.

·        Think about the challenges associated with communicating with patients from a variety of specific populations. What strategies can you as a nurse employ to be sensitive to different cultural factors while gathering the pertinent information?

Post a 1 page paper APA format  

1. explanation of the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the patient you selected

2. Explain the issues that you would need to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient, and why. 3. Provide at least five targeted questions you would ask the patient to build his or her health history and to assess his or her health risks.

 

Readings

·        Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Seidel’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

o   Chapter 2, “Cultural Competency” (pp. 21–29)

This chapter highlights the importance of cultural awareness when conducting health assessments. The authors explore the impact of culture on health beliefs and practices.

o   Chapter 3, “Examination Techniques and Equipment” (pp. 30-49)

This chapter explains the physical examination techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. This chapter also explores special issues and equipment relevant to the physical exam process.

·        Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

o   Chapter 1, “Clinical Reasoning, Differential Diagnosis, Evidence-Based Practice, and Symptom Analysis”

This chapter introduces the diagnostic process, which includes performing an analysis of the symptoms and then formulating and testing a hypothesis. The authors discuss how becoming an expert clinician takes time and practice in developing clinical judgment.

·        Sullivan , D. D. (2012). Guide to clinical documentation (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.

o   Chapter 2, “The Comprehensive History and Physical Exam” (pp. 19–36)

o   Appendices A–E (pp. 225–236)

·        Laine, C. (2012). High-value testing begins with a few simple questions. Annals of Internal Medicine,156(2), 162–163.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article supplies a list of questions physicians should ask themselves before ordering tests. The authors provide general guidelines for maximizing the value received from testing.

·        Qaseem, A., Alguire, P., Dallas, P., Feinberg, L. E., Fitzgerald, F. T., Horwitch, C., & … Weinberger, S. (2012). Appropriate use of screening and diagnostic tests to foster high-value, cost-conscious care.Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(2), 147–150.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article highlights the increasing cost of health care and stresses the need for high-value and cost-conscious testing. The authors provide a list of 37 situations in which more testing provides no benefit or may be harmful.

·        Shaw, S. J., Huebner, C., Armin, J., Orzech, K., & Vivian, J. (2009). The role of culture in health literacy and chronic disease screening and management. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health, 11(6), 460–467.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article examines cultural influences on health literacy, cancer screening, and chronic disease outcomes. The authors postulate that cultural beliefs about health and illness affect a patient’s ability to comprehend and follow a health care provider’s instructions.

·        Wians, F. H. (2009). Clinical laboratory tests: Which, why, and what do the results mean? LabMedicine, 40, 105–113.
Retrieved from http://labmed.ascpjournals.org/content/40/2/105.full

This article analyzes the laboratory testing cycle and its impact on diagnostic decision making. This article also examines important diagnostic performance characteristics of laboratory tests, methods of calculating performance, and tools used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a laboratory test.

·        LeBlond, R. F., Brown, D. D., & DeGowin, R. L. (2009). DeGowin’s diagnostic examination (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill Medical.

o   Chapter 3, “The Physical Screening Examination”

o   Chapter 17, “Principles of Diagnostic Testing”

o