4.Speculate on the policy changes that you would propose to help stabilize global climate and determine the business sectors or nations that would be held to more strict standards if you were to implement your proposed policies.

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Among the most controversial topics in physical science, global warming has received a great deal of attention during the past decade. Given its great impact on both humans and the environment, lawmakers and scientists must heavily weigh the information that they are presented. Explore this debate in more detail by evaluating both the scientific basis of this phenomenon and the human role in global warming.  Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

1.Compare and contrast natural versus anthropogenic climate changes. Include at least two (2) specific examples of each..

2.Take a position as to whether or not global warming is taking place. Provide three (3) lines of evidence to support your position..

3.Assess two (2) current mitigation strategies for global warming, such as carbon sequestration, carbon taxing, clean coal technology, higher fuel efficiency standards, and so on. Analyze the effectiveness of this mitigation strategy, as well as its potential costs and policy implications..

4.Speculate on the policy changes that you would propose to help stabilize global climate and determine the business sectors or nations that would be held to more strict standards if you were to implement your proposed policies..

5.Use at least four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources

Examine the findings that the article presents and consider how well they addressed the researcher’s initial question(s). What additional research could be done to build on these findings and gain a fuller understanding of the question?

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When conducting original research, the final step researchers must complete is weighing the evidence and interpreting the meanings of their data, statistics, and analyses. This is the culmination of the research process in which all of the research methods and designs can be synthesized into a meaningful conclusion. In this stage, researchers should formulate explanations for what their data indicates, determine whether the data answers their initial research question, identify areas of uncertainty, and consider directions for further research.

In this Discussion, you focus on one of the research articles that you identified for Part 2 of the Course Project (Literature Review). You then explore the process of how the researchers generated conclusions based on their data, consider other possible interpretations of their data, and formulate ideas for further research.

To prepare:

  • Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on how researchers find meaning in their data and generate sound conclusions. Pay particular attention to Table 2 in the article, “Study Design in Medical Research.”
  • Revisit the 5 articles that you identified in Part 2 of the Course Project. Select one to consider for the purpose of this Discussion.
  • Read sections of the chosen article where the data is presented, analyzed, and interpreted for meaning. What reasoning process did the researchers use to formulate their conclusions? What explanation did they give to support their conclusions? Were there any weaknesses in their analysis or conclusions?
  • Consider possible alternate conclusions that the researchers could have drawn based on their data.
  • Examine the findings that the article presents and consider how well they addressed the researcher’s initial question(s). What additional research could be done to build on these findings and gain a fuller understanding of the question?

Post an APA citation and brief summary of the research article that you selected. Describe the data and the results of any statistical tests or analyses presented in the article. Explain how the researchers formulated their conclusion, any weaknesses in their analysis or conclusions, and offer at least one alternate interpretation of their data. Propose at least one additional research study that could be done to further investigate this research topic.

Now we move into the financial aspect of the project.  How will you fund your microsystem you created in the first part of your paper?

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Now we move into the financial aspect of the project.  How will you fund your microsystem you created in the first part of your paper?

The readings start on Nelson p. 155-160.  The model to complete and add to the paper is on page 156-157.   You will need to either replicate the Clinical Value Compass (CVC) or you can complete it, scan it in and paste it into the paper.  Both slides A & B need to be present in the paper.

The CVS discusses the Clinical, Functional, Satisfaction and Costs.  This is the money part of the project.  If you look in Nelson page 156, the graphic can help you fill it out.  Starting at the top of the worksheet:

 

Slide A:
Outcomes: put your chosen disease here
Aim: what do you want to have happen?  Identify your top 4-6 key measures

Next is filling in the data for all 4 sections. This information all should be measurable- check out the CDC and other federal sites that run this type of data analysis.  I would look over the last 5 years but some charts review data over 10 years.

Clinical: list the morbidity and complications (again list some stats from the websites)

Functional- for each area list the physical functions of your disease and mental health functions, and then the role.  Identify different measures for each one- for example Asthma- physically can swim 100 feet without difficulty

Satisfaction- all about the client and how we can make the client happy.  Health care delivery is how we get the health care to them and what they see as the perceived health benefit.

Cost- how much does it cost.  I suggest using some Medicare/Medicaid and/or private insurance numbers.  We want to show how our interventions will help improve the health of this population and decrease the cost of health care overall.

Slide B is all on page 156-157.

 

Specific operational definitions is a brief statement of a variable you want to investigate- such as how do they use their inhaler- this should link back to Costs in Slide A.  This is the section that expands the costs

Source of data and operational definition is the method by which you will collect the data.  You will need to write a procedure so that everyone can replicate the measurement so that the numbers are valid- this is similar to writing research, declaring your research hypothesis and then describing the methods by which the data was collected in your research.

 

Then define 1-4 of your top variables you would want to investigate.  Just fill in the chart.

 

Here is one example of how Slide B can be set up:

 

Variable/Owner Operational Definition and Data Source
A.  Patient Education on….

Owner:  this is the person responsible

 This is the specific method of how the information will be obtained, measured, etc. with the data source.  I would review the definitions under Tips for this section in the slide B.

 

 

There are 4 questions that accompany this section as well and need to be discussed thoroughly.

  1. Strategic learning and innovation. To achieve your vision, how your microsystem will sustain its ability to change and improve as fast as care needs require?
  2. Key processes. To satisfy healthcare consumers, what key processes must your microsystem perfect?
  3. Customers’ view of goodness. How should your microsystem appear to customers? Does the microsystem instill feelings of honesty, competence, and integrity?
  4. Financial Results. To succeed financially, how should your microsystem appear to shareholders and board members

Describe how the CDC tracks, determines prevalence, and promotes prevention of TB in the U.S. (1–2 paragraphs) 

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1. Imagine you are a student in healthcare administration who is doing an internship in a large primary care organization in an urban city in Florida. The organization has multiple locations and several types of services within a culturally diverse and underserved community. You are asked to prepare a brief about national issues related to eliminating healthcare disparities and improving wellness. Your brief will provide suggestions and initiatives that could improve patient outcomes in the organization and the community.

Include the following:

· A concise summary of the changes in patient population, patient demographics, and chronic disease within the United States (1 paragraph)

· An explanation of how health disparities, cultural competency, and health equality can impact health outcomes (1 paragraph)

· An explanation of how the National Standards on Cultural Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) can influence effective communication between patient, primary care physician (PCP), and organization (1 paragraph)

· A concise summary of how the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Joint Commission requirements on cultural competency impact the organization’s accreditation (1 paragraph)

2.  You have 15 minutes to speak to your state governor regarding the prevention of a specific chronic disease. This conversation needs to be clear, concise, convincing, and factual. Write out specific talking points for this conversation. (1 page)

They should include:

· Introduction of the specific chronic disease and the population it affects

· National and state trends for the chronic disease

· Financial impact of the chronic disease

· Legislation or policy changes required to improve health outcomes for patients with the chronic disease

3.  The United States is projected to experience a significant shortage of primary care physicians (PCPs) and registered nurses (RNs), which is expected to intensify with the aging baby-boomer population. According to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 2013), it has been estimated that by 2020 the country could experience a shortage of 20,400 or more primary care physicians, which often affects those living in inner-city communities and rural America. These shortages will be alleviated by the increased number of physician assistants and nurse practitioners, which will grow by 30% (HHS). According to Shi and Singh (2015), by 2020 there could be a deficit of Registered Nurses of over 300,000. As the need for healthcare grows, the uneven distribution and growing deficit of resources and providers leaves a large percentage of Americans at risk.

Reference:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services,Health Resources and Services Administration, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis. (2013). Projecting the supply and demand for primary care practitioners through 2020. Retrieved from http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/supplydemand/usworkforce/primarycare/

· Explain why there may be a shortage of PCPs in rural and inner-city communities. (1–2 paragraphs)

· How is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)addressing the shortage of PCPs and RNs? (1–2 paragraphs)

· What other programs are available to address the shortage of primary care physicians and nurses? What action are the programs taking? (1–2 paragraphs)

· How is the shortage impacting healthcare delivery? Be specific by providing examples and support your response with academic resources. (1–2 paragraphs)

4. Tuberculosis (TB), once the leading cause of death in the U.S., is still one of the most common and deadliest diseases worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 1.3 million TB-related deaths each year and one third of the world’s population is infected with TB. This disease remains an urgent public health problem in many countries, and globalization has created an environment in which TB can affect any population, including the U.S. Typically, the U.S. has fewer than 10,000 confirmed cases of TB per year. While significant progress has been made toward the elimination of TB in the U.S., the disease is still present and contagious.

· Describe how the CDC tracks, determines prevalence, and promotes prevention of TB in the U.S. (1–2 paragraphs)

· Describe how the CDC is addressing methods of transmission that impact the spread of TB globally. (1–2 paragraphs)

5. Each year up to 750,000 U.S. residents travel abroad to receive medical care. This phenomenon is called “medical tourism” and is a multi-billion dollar industry that is growing. The most common procedures performed on medical tourism trips are cosmetic surgery, dentistry, and heart surgery.

· Describe why U.S. citizens are traveling abroad for medical treatment, including the potential benefits and risks involved. (1–2 paragraphs)

· Visit the following website and describe any differences you note related to medical tourism in different countries. (1–2 paragraphs) Website:Patients Beyond Borders. (2014). Medical tourism statistics & facts. Retrieved from http://www.patientsbeyondborders.com/medical-tourism-statistics-facts