Discuss the differences between your arguments from the first paragraph in which you agree and the second paragraph in which you disagree.

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Wade and Tavris explain that various factors combine to influence one’s thinking patterns, intelligence, and memories. In fact, we often embrace certain biases and mental shortcuts to assist our cognitive processing. These efforts can prove both costly and beneficial. This assignment is divided into parts, so it is suggested that you begin working on it in advance.

Find a popular press article or story from the nightly news in which someone argues a point that you disagree with. Write a paragraph agreeing with this person. Allow one day before moving on to the next part. Make sure at least one day has passed since writing the first paragraph. Now, write another paragraph disagreeing with the person. You will include both of these paragraphs in your essay.

Discuss the differences between your arguments from the first paragraph in which you agree and the second paragraph in which you disagree.

Elaborate on whether you think that your opinion has changed on this topic, particularly thinking about your initial thoughts on the topic before you wrote either paragraph. In your discussion, incorporate research from the textbook to explain how reasoning, intelligence, and memories influenced your arguments. How did cognitive dissonance affect your reasoning abilities?

Your response should be at least two pages in length, but it can be longer if necessary to address all aspects of the assignment. You must use the textbook and at least one additional source. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.

Describe the criminal behavior in detail, including any research you have found on the origins or development of this behavior (in approximately 1 page).

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The goal of this course is to create a prevention plan for a specific criminal behavior. Throughout the course, you will complete interrelated assignments in each module that build toward the LASA assignment, a prevention plan.

The first step toward this end is to identify a specific criminal behavior for which you will develop a prevention program. The first chapter of the textbook describes a variety of criminal behavior problems, such as status crimes, juvenile offenders, and drug abuse.

Once you select the criminal behavior, you should do a preliminary literature search to ensure that you will have ready access to scholarly resources.

Create a 2- to 3-page paper describing your selected criminal behavior. You must consider the following when creating your paper:

  • Describe the criminal behavior in detail, including any research you have found on the origins or development of this behavior (in approximately 1 page).
  • Discuss the specific target area you want to address in the problem (in approximately 1 paragraph).
  • Describe the specific group you want to focus on from among those affected by the criminal problem, i.e., juveniles, women, etc.
  • Describe the possible prevention and intervention ideas (in approximately 1 page).
  • Discuss research support for the effectiveness of your proposed prevention or intervention ideas (in approximately 2–3 paragraphs).

For example, suppose you pick juvenile sex offenders and want to develop a prevention program for adolescent sex offenders. Specifically, you want to target risk factors associated with that population.

Support your assumptions by citing reputable source material used for this assignment in APA format.

Apply the scientific method to the information included within the scenario and develop a null and a research hypothesis based on it.

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Apply the scientific method to the information included within the scenario and develop a null and a research hypothesis based on it.

Applying the scientific method to develop a research hypothesis is an important step in the experimental design process. Prior to developing a hypothesis, first a question must be developed. Research question: What is the effect of incentives on students’ motivation to respond to posts? When a null hypothesis exists, the researcher is trying to discredit that there is not a statistical difference between the two variables stated in the hypothesis. Based on the scenario, my null hypothesis would be: incentives will not increase the number of online psychology students’ responses to posts. In addition, my research hypothesis would be: incentives will increase the number of online psychology students’ responses to posts.

Using the hypotheses you have developed, compare the characteristics of the different experimental research designs discussed in the Skidmore (2008) article and choose the one that is most appropriate to adequately test your hypotheses.

Skidmore (2008) discusses three various experimental research designs including: Pretest-Posttest-Only Control Group Design, Posttest-Only Control Group Design, and Solomon-Four Group Design. In the Pretest-Posttest-Only Control Group Design, participants are randomly assigned to two different groups. The experimental group receives incentives or assignments while the control group receives a different incentive or no incentive at all. A pretest occurs prior to implementing the incentive and then a measurement after the incentive is assigned is then conducted. Posttest-Only Control Group Design differs in that a pretest measurement does not exist, only a posttest to measure the incentive that has been applied however, all other characteristics are similar. Finally, the Solomon-Four Group Design contains all the characteristics of a Pretest-Posttest-Only Control Group Design, however, allows results to be compared amongst four groups with varying experiences. Thus, this design is considered to be the most powerful (Skidmore, 2018). Although this design is considered to be the most powerful amongst all the designs, it is complex, which can create challenges. All of these are considered true experiments.

Since the sample size is only 45 students, number of participants may not be large enough to conduct the Solomon-Four Group Design. Therefore, I would implement the Pretest-Posttest-Only Control Group Design test the hypothesis as the results. The design uses a pretest to measure prior to implementing the incentive thus it can be evaluated when incentives are implemented and not implemented after participating in a pretest. Finally, a post test can measure students’ responses and all the data can be compared.

Identify potential internal threats to validity and explain how you might mitigate these threats.

Internal threats are factors that may impact the ability for researchers to make conclusions about the study.  According to Skidmore (2018) ensuring that the independent variable caused the dependent variable may be concerning. Potential concerns include: bias or not using a randomized selection of participants, unclear about which variable occurred first, factors impacting the results, natural occurring changes, varying scores, participants not completing the entire study, influence of the testing on the results, changes that may have occurred, and the selection of participants may impact each group (Skidmore, 2018). In order to overcome these potential threats, it is important to examine if validity was noticed and decreased. Administering standardized tests or procedures may decrease the threat of instrumentation. Extreme test scores should not be the basis for assigning participants. A lengthy study could cause participants to dropout, so aiming to keep the study shorter may avoid this concern. Finally, randomizing participants and assignment to various groups when possible would also assist in avoiding internal threats.

Apply ethical principles to the proposed research and describe the implications of this type of research in terms of the population(s) and cultural consideration(s) represented in the sample(s) within the scenario.

According to Henrich, Heine & Norenzayan (2010) it is the responsibility of researchers to realize the differences amongst populations in order to refrain from bias as well as economic factors related to financial conclusions and anticipating certain outcomes. As with any study, researchers must uphold ethical standards and attempt to reduce harm, receive informed consent, and receive approval for the study. Researchers must be aware of cultural differences and respect diversity amongst participants. An online environment and virtual students, as discussed in the scenario, may encounter different challenges than a classroom environment where students are present. Thus, it is important for researchers to be aware of a virtual environment and respect diversity amongst students.

References

Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29. doi: 10.1038/466029a

Skidmore, S. (2008). Experimental design and some threats to experimental validity: A primer (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association (New Orleans, LA, February 6, 2008). Retrieved from the ERIC database in the Ashford University Library.

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others. 

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. There have been many legislative attempts at controlling the use of illicit drugs (whether prescription-type or otherwise). Why, or why not, have these attempts been effective? In your response, consider the root causes of illicit drug use.

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

2) Appreciate the social, political, economic, and cultural context within which addiction and substance abuse exist, including risk and resiliency factors that characterize individuals and their living environments.

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

2. Identify a national societal drug or alcohol issue. What are some of the social problems you have observed due to substance use related issues? How does this issues impact society and what problems are manifesting as a result. What programs or resources are available?

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

2) Appreciate the social, political, economic, and cultural context within which addiction and substance abuse exist, including risk and resiliency factors that characterize individuals and their living environments.

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

3. What is meant by the neurochemistry of a drug? Identify one neurotransmitter and describe its physiological function in the human brain. Provide an example to support your description.

This discussion question meets the following CACREP Standard:

5.C.2.g. Impact of biological and neurological mechanisms on mental health.

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

4. Describe the so-called “brain reward pathway” and explain its importance to understanding the effects of drug-seeking behavior. Provide an example to support your description.

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

5. Caffeine is currently a legal stimulant. Do you feel that there should be regulation and legislative actions concerning caffeine use?

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

6. Provide a description of the difference between crack cocaine and powder cocaine?  Do you think they should be treated differently regarding the law?

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

7. What are physiological effects of benzodiazepine use?  How can these lead to addiction?

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

8. Opiates that are prescribed are often abused. Describe the difference between using a medication verses abusing the medication.

This discussion question meets the following CACREP Standards:

5.C.2.e. Potential for substance use disorders to mimic and/or co-occur with a variety of neurological, medical, and psychological disorders.

5.C.2.h. Classifications, indications, and contraindications of commonly prescribed psychopharmacological medications for appropriate medical referral and consultation.

This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:

3) Describe the behavioral, psychological, physical health, and social effects of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, on the consumer and significant others.

9) Understand the established diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and abuse, and describe treatment modalities and placement criteria within the continuum of care.

14) Be familiar with medical and pharmaceutical resources in the treatment of addictive disease and other substance-related disorders.

16) Recognize that crisis may indicate an underlying substance abuse problem, and may represent a window of opportunity for change.

103) Describe warning signs, symptoms, and the course of addictions.

EACH QUESTION HAS TO BE ANSWER BY EACH SELF WITH 150-200 WORDS AND HAS TO HAVE A CITE IN THE ANSWER. NOT IN PAPER FORM!!!

SO QUESTION LIKE

1. QUESTION.   how are you to?

A:  I am doing well Cite (john)

Referrance

2. Questions

A: answer Cite

Referrance

End of it all