What pigments are present in the samples derived from individuals that are homozygous dominant (AA) for shell color?

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• Question 1 3 out of 3 points In the first part of this lab, we study data from a (hypothetical) species called Glyptodan neomexicanus. Each individual has either a red shell or a yellow shell. A count of individuals in a particular area indicates that there are 122 red individuals and 38 yellow individuals. If we assume that shell color is inherited in a Mendelian fashion, which shell color appears to be dominant? • Question 2 0 out of 3 points All we can observe directly is the phenotype of an individual, without biochemical or genomic analysis. Therefore, we cannot ascertain the genotype of individuals by inspection of their shells. However, if shell color is inherited in a Mendelian fashion and if we study family units, we can infer the genotype from the phenotypes of the parents and the offspring. In this analysis we are assuming that red is dominant and yellow is recessive. The A allele goes with the red trait, the a allele goes with the yellow trait. If both parents are yellow, and all offspring are yellow, then • Question 3 3 out of 3 points All we can observe directly is the phenotype of an individual, without biochemical or genomic analysis. Therefore, we cannot ascertain the genotype of individuals by inspection of their shells. However, if shell color is inherited in a Mendelian fashion and if we study family units, we can infer the genotype from the phenotypes of the parents and the offspring. In this analysis we are assuming that red is dominant and yellow is recessive. The A allele goes with the red trait, the a allele goes with the yellow trait. If one parent is red and the other is yellow and half the offspring are red, while half the offspring are yellow, then • Question 4 3 out of 3 points Refer to the picture of the thin-layer chromatography results to answer this question. Based on the thin-layer chromatography of shell extract, how many pigments are present in the samples derived from individuals that are heterozygous for shell color? • Question 5 3 out of 3 points Refer to the picture of the thin-layer chromatography results to answer this question Can you distinguish between the chromatograms of an Aa individual and an AA individual? • Question 6 3 out of 3 points Refer to the picture of the thin-layer chromatography results to answer this question What pigments are present in the samples derived from individuals that are homozygous dominant (AA) for shell color? • Question 7 3 out of 3 points What is the approximate molecular weight of the protein that is missing from the homozygous recessive extract? • Question 8 3 out of 3 points What can you conclude if the protein with an apparent mass of 45 kDa is not detected in individuals who lack the dominant allele? • Question 9 3 out of 3 points Does the presence or absence of a particular protein correlate with the presence or absence of a particular allele? • Question 10 3 out of 3 points The protein profiles for the Aa and AA individuals are

Based on the thin-layer chromatography of shell extract, how many pigments are present in the samples derived from individuals that are heterozygous for shell color?

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• Question 1 3 out of 3 points In the first part of this lab, we study data from a (hypothetical) species called Glyptodan neomexicanus. Each individual has either a red shell or a yellow shell. A count of individuals in a particular area indicates that there are 122 red individuals and 38 yellow individuals. If we assume that shell color is inherited in a Mendelian fashion, which shell color appears to be dominant? • Question 2 0 out of 3 points All we can observe directly is the phenotype of an individual, without biochemical or genomic analysis. Therefore, we cannot ascertain the genotype of individuals by inspection of their shells. However, if shell color is inherited in a Mendelian fashion and if we study family units, we can infer the genotype from the phenotypes of the parents and the offspring. In this analysis we are assuming that red is dominant and yellow is recessive. The A allele goes with the red trait, the a allele goes with the yellow trait. If both parents are yellow, and all offspring are yellow, then • Question 3 3 out of 3 points All we can observe directly is the phenotype of an individual, without biochemical or genomic analysis. Therefore, we cannot ascertain the genotype of individuals by inspection of their shells. However, if shell color is inherited in a Mendelian fashion and if we study family units, we can infer the genotype from the phenotypes of the parents and the offspring. In this analysis we are assuming that red is dominant and yellow is recessive. The A allele goes with the red trait, the a allele goes with the yellow trait. If one parent is red and the other is yellow and half the offspring are red, while half the offspring are yellow, then • Question 4 3 out of 3 points Refer to the picture of the thin-layer chromatography results to answer this question. Based on the thin-layer chromatography of shell extract, how many pigments are present in the samples derived from individuals that are heterozygous for shell color? • Question 5 3 out of 3 points Refer to the picture of the thin-layer chromatography results to answer this question Can you distinguish between the chromatograms of an Aa individual and an AA individual? • Question 6 3 out of 3 points Refer to the picture of the thin-layer chromatography results to answer this question What pigments are present in the samples derived from individuals that are homozygous dominant (AA) for shell color? • Question 7 3 out of 3 points What is the approximate molecular weight of the protein that is missing from the homozygous recessive extract? • Question 8 3 out of 3 points What can you conclude if the protein with an apparent mass of 45 kDa is not detected in individuals who lack the dominant allele? • Question 9 3 out of 3 points Does the presence or absence of a particular protein correlate with the presence or absence of a particular allele? • Question 10 3 out of 3 points The protein profiles for the Aa and AA individuals are

Do you feel that a data analysis on cost spending will inevitably fix the issues of overspending on healthcare?

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In two different paragraph gave your personal opinion to Joel Sunda

and   Christopher Moran

Joel Sunda

In to trying create incentives that provide the best outcomes for the provider, supplier and the patient, one would do an economic evaluation. According to Dewar 2009, the ideal baseline is that when the Marginal Benefit (MB) of consumption equals the Marginal Cost (MC) of consumption. As long as the benefit is more than the cost consumers will continue to purchase goods and services. Although, when the benefit and cost become equal the consumer will no longer continue to purchase. An analysis of supply and demand should be done as well, if the supply and demand is known incentives could be created that would be in the Marginal Benefit and Marginal Cost for all parties involved, this would then lead to equilibrium.

Reference

Dewar, D. M. (2009). The Essentials of Health Economics. Mississauga, Canada: Jones and Bartlett.

Christopher Moran

The cost of healthcare is rising at substantially and unrealistic rates. This is causing patients not to follow through with long-term medical plans and leads to an unsustainable health plan for them. The copayments alone for pharmaceuticals is 22% (Yong , Olsen, & McGinnis, 2010) in this week’s reading of Approaches to Improving Value—Provider and Manufacturer Payments, they mention there is evidence that the increased patient cost sharing leads to patients not utilizing their medication. Physicians are limited on their reimbursement if the procedure is going to cost to much, they come to an ethical dilemma on whether to proceed or look for cheaper option that may lead to a negative outcome for patients.

A solution that was brought to light in this week reading can be found written by Steven D. Pearson, M.D., he mentions that a collaboration between states on studies over reimbursement and coverage in values can lead to lower costs overall. These studies can show clinics on how to make the cost affective choices that lead to the best outcome for patients (Yong , Olsen, & McGinnis, 2010).

I believe the solution may be much simpler and more effective for everyone. Putting a cap on the amount that pharmaceutical companies can charge, for life saving medicine and reducing the overall cost of copays for patients. In return insurance companies should cover the difference to ensure that the plan that the patient paid into is being used to its fullest capabilities. In my opinion they should be covering the full cost of deductibles that are used on life saving or life sustaining medications.  This will have more patients going to the doctor when they become unwell, pharmaceuticals not going to waste from people not purchasing them and patients are not in a mountain of debt after a minor incident.

Do you feel that a data analysis on cost spending will inevitably fix the issues of overspending on healthcare?

-Moran, C

References

Yong, P. L., Olsen, L. A., & McGinnis, J. M. (2010). 5 Approaches to Improving Value—Provider and Manufacturer Payments. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Retrieved from https://kapextmediassl-a.akamaihd.net/healthSci/HA415/HA415_1802A/HA%20415-Week_Two_Discussion_Question_Article.pdf

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis?

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Question 1 Keratin is an important aspect of non-specific defense because Select one: a. It is toxic to pathogens b. It creates a physical barrier against pathogens c. It destroys pathogens d. It physically restricts pathogens to a specific region e. None of the choices are correct Question 2 Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis? Select one: a. Aminoglycosides b. Tetracyclines c. Erythromycin d. Trimethroprim e. Chloramphenicol Question 3 Which is mismatched? Select one: a. Fimbriae – adherence to substrate b. Capsules – antiphagocytic factor c. Coagulase – dissolve fibrin clots d. Leukocidins – damage white blood cells e. Hemolysins – damage red blood cells Question 4 The embryonic yolk sac, the liver and the bone marrow are sites where Select one: a. Immune responses to antigen occur b. Stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes c. Antigen is filtered from the blood d. Antigen is filtered from tissue fluid e. T lymphocytes complete maturation Question 5 Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called Select one: a. Syndromes b. Malaise c. Inflammation d. Asymptomatic e. Secondary infection Question 6 Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells? Select one: a. After birth produced in red bone marrow sites b. Develop from undifferentiated stem cells c. Include mast cells d. Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes e. Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei Question 7 The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are Select one: a. Fomites b. Aerosols c. Mechanical vectors d. Droplet nuclei e. Biological vectors Question 8 Which of the following is not a primary target of milk pasteurization? Select one: a. Salmonella b. Campylobacter jejuni c. Lactobacilli d. Listeria monocytogenes e. Brucella Question 9 The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is Select one: a. Disinfection b. Sterilization c. Antisepsis d. Sanitization e. Degermation Question 10 Transfusion of the wrong blood type can cause Select one: a. Recipient antibody activating the complement cascade to attack the RBCs b. Fever and anemia c. Systemic shock and kidney failure d. Massive hemolysis of the donor RBCs e. All of the choices are correct Question 11 The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an Select one: a. Epitope b. Hapten c. Antigen binding site d. Variable region e. None of the choices are correct Question 12 A person who has anti A and anti B serum antibodies will have blood type Select one: a. A b. B c. AB d. O e. Rh Question 13 Which test is used to diagnose polio? Select one: a. ELISA b. Western blot c. Widal test d. Complement fixation e. VRDL Question 14 The Western blot test is confirmatory for HIV because Select one: a. It is more sensitive than the ELISA b. It has fewer false positives than the ELISA c. It tests for more HIV antibodies than ELISA d. It is easier to interpret than ELISA e. All of the choices are correct Question 15 Precipitation tests involve all the following except Select one: a. They rely on formation of visible clumps for detection b. They include the VDRL test for syphilis c. They are often performed in agar gels d. They can be done in a test tube by carefully adding antiserum over antigen solution e. A cloudy or opaque zone developing where antigen and antibody react Question 16 _____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity. Select one: a. B cells, T cells b. T cells, B cells c. Monocytes, Basophils d. Basophils, T cells e. B cells, neutrophils Question 17 Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active site, are called Select one: a. Inhibitors b. Blockers c. Competitive inhibitors d. Non-competitive inhibitors e. None of the choices are correct Question 18 The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when Select one: a. Maternal Rh+ cells enter an Rh- fetus b. Fetal Rh+ cells enter an Rh- mother c. Maternal Rh- cells enter an Rh+ fetus d. Fetal Rh- cells enter an Rh+ mother e. Fetal Rh+ cells enter an Rh+ mother Question 19 Destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is called Select one: a. Immune tolerance b. Proliferation c. Clonal selection d. Differentiation e. Hypersensitivity Question 20 What drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance and also used to treat endocarditis? Select one: a. Penicillin G b. Vancomycin c. Tetracycline d. Erythromycin e. Isoniazid