Describe the main structures of the brain stem, the midbrain, and forebrain, including the basal ganglia, the limbic system and the cerebral cortex. What functions and behaviors are these regions known to control?

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All essay questions require a minimum of 300 words of content analysis (not including the citations and references). Quoting is not permitted. All answers must be paraphrased in your own words.

 

Describe the process of action potential conduction and neurotransmission from one neuron to another, both electrically (including saltatory conduction) and chemically. Describe how a cell fires an action potential and be sure to address which structures are involved in neurotransmission. Discuss reuptake and enzymatic degradation (breakdown) in the context of the appropriate neurotransmitters.

 

Trace in detail the structure and function of the visual system from the physical stimuli (light waves), to the structure of the eye and through the corresponding brain structures until it is processed as visual information. You will need to compare photoreceptors in darkness to photoreceptors receiving light and describe how light energy is transduced into neural signals. Describe how the trichromatic and opponent-process theory explain how light of different wavelengths is converted into color information.

 

Discuss some of the methodological approaches that can be used to examine the influence of multiple genes on behavior. Then discuss what transgenic animals are and how they are produced.

 

What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward. In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward.

 

What is the monoamine theory of depression? What evidence supports this hypothesis as a cause of affective disorder? It generally takes 2-3 weeks of chronic treatment before an antidepressant begins to have a clinical benefit, yet the drug’s pharmacological effect (for example, its inhibition of MOA, or reuptake) is immediate. What synaptic mechanisms may underlie this time lag?

 

Critically evaluate the roles of the lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus in hunger and satiety. What other brain sites are known to be involved in eating behavior? How can this be explained in terms of a homeostatic model? What evidence shows that non- homeostatic mechanisms also contribute to feeding?

 

Describe the brain structures and anatomical pathways that make up the extrapyramidal and pyramidal motor systems. What are the main functions of these two systems? What regions in the cerebral cortex are known to be involved in movement? How do these areas contribute to the production of motor behavior?

 

How is the brain capable of “seeing” a spectrum of fine color when the eye contains only three different types of color detectors? What evidence supports the existence of dorsal (“where is it?”) and ventral (“what is it?”) visual systems in the cerebral cortex?

 

Describe the main structures of the brain stem, the midbrain, and forebrain, including the basal ganglia, the limbic system and the cerebral cortex. What functions and behaviors are these regions known to control?

 

 

Restate the following in standard categorical syllogism form – make every attempt to have it in a valid mood and figure if possible. If it’s invalid, list the relevant rules and fallacies. (Have a look a Chapter 6, part E and F.) (9).

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I) (This Section pertains to chapter 4– These are NOT categorical syllogisms.) Put the argument into standard form and then identify the INFORMAL fallacies that are committed (if any).  Make sure to both defineand explain how the INFORMAL fallacies are committed. (9)

  1. A crust of bread is better than nothing.  Nothing is better is than true love.  So a crust of bread is better than true love.
  2. We’ve all heard that millions of Americans are without adequate health care.  But America’s doctors, nurses, and hospitals are among the best in the world.  Thousands of people come from abroad every year to be treated here.  Clearly there is nothing wrong with our health care system.
  3. On Friday, I took Jeff out to dinner.  He told me that if I wasn’t interested in a serious relationship, I should forget about dating him.  On Saturday I took Dave to a film.  When we discussed it afterward over a drink, he could understand why I wasn’t interested in babies.  Men are all alike.  All they want is a secure marriage.

II) Use the traditional square of opposition along with conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine the truth value of the second sentence is each pair. (6)

  1. Some integers which are even numbers are not prime. (T)
    All non-prime numbers are odd integers.
  2. All inflammable substances are high in carbon isotopes. (T)
    No incombustible substances are low in carbon isotopes.

III) Translate the following into standard form categorical propositions.  If there are multiple translation options list all of them. (8)

Everyone who races will get a medal except those who didn’t finish.

  1. Not all ghosts are friendly.
  2. Cara is cool.
  3. Kaitlyn is never not on time.

IV) Restate the following in standard categorical syllogism form – make every attempt to have it in a valid mood and figure if possible. If it’s invalid, list the relevant rules and fallacies. (Have a look a Chapter 6, part E and F.) (9).

  1. Since each and every pachyderm is a vertebrate, we may conclude that only some arthropods such as shrimp, crabs, and lobsters are elephantine animals, for there is an invertebrate that is a crustacean.
  2. There are handsome men, but only man is vile, so it is false that nothing is both vile and handsome.
  3. All schools that are driven by careerism are schools that do not emphasize liberal arts.  It follows that some some universities are not institutions that emphasize liberal arts, for some schools that are not driven by careerism are universities.

BONUS!!

For any 2 of the following, indicate what categorical proposition will yield a valid syllogism. If no proposition will, indicate that the argument is invalid. (You may use a Venn Diagram as well as the rules for enthymemes) (1.5 each.  Answer ONLY two.  If you answer more than two I’ll only grade the first two.)

  1. Encouraging toy-gun play gives children a clear message that the best way to  deal with frustration and conflict is with a gun.  Is this message that we want to be sending to our kids?
  2. If you did your homework, which you did, then you should be able to identify the form of this syllogism.
  3. Since no popular political candidates are people who were alive in 1901, and Hillary Clinton is not a person who was alive in 1901, you know what follows!
  4. Some cats are not polecats, so some polecats are malodorous beasts.

    Discuss Alfred North Whitehead’s statement: “What is morality in any given time and place? It is what the majority then and there happen to like and immorality is what they dislike.” Consider the following questions as guide:

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etails: Read the following article by Jay Feldman and answer the questions that follow:

There was a time in the not so distant past when many, if not most, publicly held corporations, including the one for which I worked, embraced in their mission statements, codes of conduct and similar pronouncements a responsibility to serve multiple stakeholders: their stockholders, of course, but also their employees as well as customers, suppliers and the community in which they operated. Today, all too many companies, in deed and often in word, articulate a single-minded obligation to serve only their investors by focusing exclusively on profitability.

As a result, we have witnessed corporate downsizings and outsourcing of jobs; restructuring of pension plans or their complete termination; reductions in health care benefits; and wage stagnation in spite of increased productivity. Domestic suppliers have been squeezed or, more often, replaced by cheap foreign sources. Customers seeking service are confronted with automated answering machines and foreign call centers. Environmental concerns are viewed as obstacles to profitability.

At the same time, the senior managers of these enterprises have seen their compensation grow exponentially as a reward for their perceived contributions to the bottom line.

Sadly, what these corporations fail to appreciate is how their obsession with the bottom line is shrinking their markets, both domestic and foreign. The large number of people unemployed, underemployed, afraid of losing their jobs or without the means to pay all their bills perpetuates the present worldwide economic crisis.

Add to this the unwillingness of businesses to pay their fair share of taxes to support education, health care and the infrastructure that is critical to their success. In the end, these self-serving practices endanger the very profitability their practitioners seek to enhance.

We need to return to the earlier model of the corporation as a good citizen. Doing so can help ensure the long-term viability of our free enterprise system.

JAY N. FELDMAN

Port Washington, N.Y., Aug. 27, 2012

The writer is a retired corporate lawyer.

Considering the passage above, write a paper of 3–4 pages that addresses the following:

1.    Discuss Alfred North Whitehead’s statement: “What is morality in any given time and place? It is what the majority then and there happen to like and immorality is what they dislike.” Consider the following questions as guide:

a.     Businesses can have ethical standards, but Businesses are not moral agents. Do you agree or disagree?

b.     Is it true that the “bottom line” of business is profit and profit alone?

c.     In business, are there other less tangible goals that are intrinsic to and just as important as making money?

d.     Why should we be moral as individuals?

e.     Why should a corporation or organization be moral?

2.    How would you apply the first formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative to a Business environment?

Consider deontological ethics, teleological ethics, moral objectivism, and ethical relativism in your argument. Provide at least 3 valid reasons to support your argument. Also, be sure to include the following in your paper:

Identify your argument—or thesis statement—within the introduction of your paper.

Include definitions of utilitarianism, Categorical Imperatives, Process Philosophy, moral relativism, moral absolutism, ethical relativism, moral objectivism, deontological ethics, and teleological ethics.

Consider morality and ethics from the perspective of Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy, and Immanuel Kant’s universal categorical imperative. Could you argue that Businesses can have ethical standards, despite the fact that Businesses are not moral agents? Why or why not? Please explain.

Distinguish between descriptive and normative definitions of morality

  • Use proper grammar, spelling and punctuation.
  • You may find that you change your mind on the issue as you are writing your paper. That is fine, but be sure to present your ultimate decision at the beginning of the paper, and stick to it consistently throughout. This may require that you go back and change the first few paragraphs that contain your thesis statement.
  • Your argument should be clear, concise, and supported with logically valid claims.

Please submit your assignment.

For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials. 

Reference

Feldman, J. (2012, August 27). Sunday Dialogue: How Corporations Behave. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/opinion/sunday/sunday-dialogue-how-corporations-behave.html?ref=ethics

What questions would you have about how the supervision relationship would be structured (for example, frequency of meetings, method of evaluation)?

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Counselor Supervision

Review the following:

  • Section F, “Supervision, Training, and Teaching,” from the 2014 ACA Code of Ethics.
  • Ethical standards related to supervision found within other ethical standards for your program or specialization (for example, “Responsibilities to the Profession” from the ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors).

Imagine you are interviewing for a potential fieldwork site placement:

  • Describe the responsibilities of the supervisee and the supervisor.
  • What questions would you have about how the supervision relationship would be structured (for example, frequency of meetings, method of evaluation)?

Follow current APA style and formatting guidelines in your post.

Response Guidelines

Respond to the initial discussion posts of two other learners. What reactions do you have to the ideas the learner has presented? Include examples from your own experience to support your perspective, and raise questions to continue the dialogue.

Learning Components

This activity will help you achieve the following learning components:

  • Learn about the different types of professionals a counselor may work with.
  • Learn about the ethical codes specific to the counseling profession.

Resources

  • Discussion Participation Scoring Guide.
  • APA Style and Format.
  • ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors [PDF].
  • 2014 ACA Code of Ethics.