Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology by

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Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology by

Destiny Guy

Dec 1,2014

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Instructor: Amy McCall

Depressive Disorder

A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the

body,

mood,

and thoughts.

It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away (Right Diagnosis, 2014).

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Depressive Disorders

Finding the underlying causes of depression can be encouraged through the psychodynamic approach of free association;

 

allowing the patient to explore past events

 

and feelings in safe boundaries.

With unipolar depression there are biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural treatments and medication based treatments; whereas, lithium therapy dramatically has affected treatment for bipolar disorders. Although finding the correct lithium dosage is a delicate process, once obtained reports indicate more than 60 percent of patients with mania show improvement (Comer, 2005)

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Approach

 

 

Behavioral approaches guide patients:

-consider engaging in pleasurable events and reward positive rather than negative behaviors.

 

 

 

Cognitive therapy helps patients :

-recognize maladaptive and negative processes to improve mood and

– behaviors though increased activity, challenging negative thoughts, identifying negative thinking and biases, and changing primary attitudes

Sociocultural treatment suggests clarifying and changing one’s interpersonal problems will lead to recovery through either interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) or couple therapy. Regardless of the approach taken it is shown that combining the different treatments have a much greater effect on recovery.

 

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Medication

Antidepressant drugs (e.g. MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and second-generation antidepressants) are a typical biological treatment for depressive disorders; although, for severe cases electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy may be used.

Treatments for different mood disorders can vary depending on the severity and intensity of the symptoms. Antidepressant drugs (e.g. MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and second-generation antidepressants) are a typical biological treatment for depressive disorders; although, for severe cases electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy may be used.

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Treating the Disorder

The low serotonin level could also explain the depression phrases.

 

The sodium ions within our bodies send message down to the nerve ending,

 

Doctors believe that the improper transport of these ions may cause problems. (Comer 2005)

Cyclothymic disorder is when a person is marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression times. (Comer 2005) Some doctors believe that the change in neurotransmitters is what causes the disorder. (Comer 2005)

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Treatment

Psychotherapy is another form of treatment for bipolar disorders however it is said to rarely work alone without the help of medication.

 

There have been a few theories that suggest that patients that have bipolar disorder have a better chance of treatment depending on how many episodes they have had. (Berk et al, 2011)

 

The studies suggest that early intervention is the best way to go about treatment and patients should seek help as soon as they notice a change in the regulation of one’s mood. (Berk el al, 2011) .

Bipolar disorders have also been linked to genetics as some doctors found that some chromosomes carry the genes of the disorder. (Comer 2005) Treatments for bipolar disorder includes Lithium, which is a mineral that helps reduces mania and some depression by changes in the synaptic activity in neurons. Lithium seems to affect the second messages by changes within the chemicals. (Comer 2005)

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Be Aware of Signs

 

They have many different symptoms of mania however some include,

decreased need for sleep,

more talkativeness, distractibility,

increased inactivity and inflated self esteem.

Behaviorally the person is very active however cognitively they are very poor in the judgments and planning. (Comer 2005) Someone who is diagnosed with bipolar disorder needs to be in there mania phase for at least one week and display three or more symptoms of mania, they may have delusions as well. (Comer 2005) There are two different types of bipolar, bipolar 1 and 2. Bipolar 1 is when the person has full mania and major depressive episodes, and bipolar 2 are when the person has mild mania and major depression periods. (Comer 2005).

 

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Continued….

Many people want to deny that a chemical imbalance exists

there are studies of the bipolar brain showing imaging that points to a chemical imbalance of the brain.

It is not fully understood exactly how you become Bipolar, but like Unipolar it can be inherited, and handed down to from generation to generation

 

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What Does this mean as far as Outcomes in Treatment?

Outcomes include:

Improved adherence with treatment,

improved health outcomes,

enhanced member satisfaction,

optimized use of resources,

financial cost savings, effectiveness in addressing gaps in care,

and adherence with process policies

Involves measuring and reporting defined clinical, operations, and financial results, to validate effectiveness and continuously improve the program.

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References

Berk, M., Brnabic, A., Dodd, S., Kelin, K., Tohen, M., Malhi, G. S., & … McGorry, P. D. (2011). Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention. Bipolar Disorders, 13(1), 87-98. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00889.x

 

 

Comer, R. J. (2005). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.

 

 

Ertel, K. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Maternal Depression in the United States: Nationally Representative Rates and Risks. Journal Of Women’s Health (15409996), 20(11), 1609-1617. doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2657

 

 

Right Diagnosis (2014). Depressive Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/depressive_disorders/intro.htm on November 30,2014

 

 

 

Shivani, R., Goldsmith, J., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2002, November).