Identify several of the differences between internal investigations and criminal investigations

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 6

 

Please read Chapters 9 and 10.  Then answer the following essay questions. Each essay question should be at least one page in length, double spaced, one inch margins, 12 pt. font, Times New Roman, APA Format and must include both citations and references.

 

Essays:

 

1. Identify several of the differences between internal investigations and criminal investigations.
2. Chart the history of the civil review board. Discuss the three different eras.
3. The authors cite four limitations of professional and ethical standards. List and discuss those four limitations.

 

Chapter 9 Summary

 

Chapter 9 looks at police behavior and the use of force and coercion. The police are authorized to use force to maintain order and gain compliance.

 

Many studies have been conducted examining the police use of force during interactions with citizens. One such study was conducted by Reiss (1967). In over 5,000 observations of police–citizen interactions, Reiss found that almost 60 percent of the citizens behaved in a civil manner toward the police. In those 5,000 interactions, the police made an arrest in less than 5 percent of the encounters. Most citizen encounters with the police involved the citizen requesting help.

 

The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducted the Police–Public Contact Survey in 1996. This survey found that 21 percent of the population had face-to-face contact with the police in 1996; 0.6 percent of the population had been handcuffed by the police in 1996.

 

The police are trained to use a continuum of force. This continuum starts with just the presence of the police to be able to control the situation. As the continuum increases, the police increase the amount of force. At the far end of the continuum is the police use of deadly force. Between the extremes are the use of firm grips, the use of pain points, and impact techniques. The police are trained in the use of firearms, pepper spray, self-defense techniques, officer survival, flashlights, and canines.

 

The chapter outlines three types of conflict involving the use of force. Type 1 conflicts involve the law and departmental policy supporting the use of force by the police, but parts of the community do not support the use of force. Type 1 conflicts occur most often in minority neighborhoods. Type 2 conflicts occur when there are differences between the law and departmental policy. High-speed chases may be an issue in Type 2 conflicts. Type 3 conflicts occur when the officer’s behavior is approved of by the community but not the law and departmental policy. The potential for such conflicts may occur with community-oriented policing.

 

Although authorized to utilize force, sometimes the police abuse that authority. This could include physical abuse, verbal and psychological abuse, legal abuse, and violations of civil rights. Physical abuse was commonplace in the 1930s. The police would use the third degree.

 

In addition to the use of force, the police may utilize deception with the suspect. The police are permitted to use deception as long as they do not make promises they are not authorized to make.