Problems In Designing An Experimental Research Study

 Prior to beginning work on this discussion, please read the required articles by Skidmore (2008) and Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan (2010). Carefully review the PSY635 Week Two Discussion ScenarioPreview the document. Apply the scientific method to the information included within the scenario and develop a null and a research hypothesis based on it. Using the hypotheses you have developed, compare the characteristics of the different experimental research designs discussed in the Skidmore (2008) article and choose the one that is most appropriate to adequately test your hypotheses. Identify potential internal threats to validity and explain how you might mitigate these threats. Apply ethical principles to the proposed research and describe the implications of this type of research in terms of the population(s) and cultural consideration(s) represented in the sample(s) within the scenario.

  • PSY635 Week Two Scenario

     

    Three instructors teach the same online course and have devised an experimental intervention to improve student motivation to actively participate in discussions. The course is a core requirement for all psychology students, and students are assigned to particular sections at random rather than by instructor choice.

    The average class size for this particular course is 45 students. To get a large enough sample for adequate analysis, the instructors have decided to include two sections for each instructor in the experiment. The first section will serve as the control group (no experimental intervention), and the second section will receive the intervention. Anonymous data about the dependent variable will be pooled for the three sections comprising the control group and the three sections that receive the intervention.

    The independent variable is the intervention, which may be an incentive such as digital badges or an instructional intervention involving changing the instructions for the guided response. The dependent variable will be the number of response (not initial) posts per student that exceed two lines of text. The researchers have decided to use the Week Four discussion for data collection, reasoning that it may take some time for the intervention to become effective.

A summary of the business issue emphasizing the sustainability concerns.

Please READ and review the details of the ENTIRE assignment. The assignment must be written professionally, scholarly, paraphrased, cited and with completed reference, APA format, and MUST include every detail the assignment asks to be completed.

Attached are the…The Assignment’s Rubric…and the Case Study Documentation to READ and COMPLETE the assignment…PLEASE RESEARCH THE DOCUMENTS….THEY PROVIDE INFORMATION NEEDED TO COMPLETE THIS ASSIGNMENT CORRECTLY AND PROPERLY

**Please do not rush on the assignment….THERE IS plenty of time to Research, and properly complete the assignment** Please do not repeat the same wording just to meet the word count….***

***Assignment Details***

Previously, you employed academic writing to describe business decisions made related to the next segment of a multi-year integrated case study, and you suggested research needs that result from your interaction with the case. In this assignment, you will use concise business writing to create a presentation of your decisions and rationale for delivery to a C-suite executive in a corporation.

General Requirements:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

  • Refer to the paper you wrote in the Topic 5 assignment as well as related instructed feedback.
  • Instructors will be using a grading rubric to grade the assignments. It is recommended that learners review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment in order to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
  • APA style is not required for this assignment, but correct and appropriate business writing is expected.

Directions:

Using the case study paper your wrote in Topic 5, create an executive summary presentation of the paper (5-7 slides, exclusive of the title and reference slides) with appropriate Speaker notes that could be delivered to a C-suite executive in a corporation in less than four minutes. Consider the feedback from your instructor on the case study paper you completed in Topic 5. Include the following in your presentation:

  1. A summary of the business issue emphasizing the sustainability concerns.
  2. An overview of at least two viable potential resolutions and the supporting research.
  3. An overview of the ethical implications of each option and the extent to which these ethical implications are influenced by the mission, vision, and core values of Purple Cloud.
  4. An overview of and rationale for your proposed resolution and its impact on the profit/loss statement and/or other financial criteria and statements as well as the overall sustainability of the company.College of Doctoral Studies

     

    DBA-835 Integrated Case Study

    In this course, you will interact with Part III of a multi-year, integrated case study experience. This part of the case study focuses on economic issues and related ethical decisions.

    The Case

    Purple Cloud was founded 15 years ago and has grown from a start-up security company to a small, but well-respected competitor in the rapidly growing security sector. The founder, A. Nathan Tecnoti, is a visionary leader who forecasted the need to develop robust software products that protected both individuals and companies. As the Internet grew, so did Tecnoti’s business. He innovated rapidly, but Tecnoti could not keep up with the ever-changing technologies and was often outmaneuvered by larger companies who had larger and more proficient technical staffs and marketing budgets. Tecnoti began seeking a way to accelerate product development so he could increase market share and take advantage of new market opportunities. It is for this reason that Tecnoti developed an acquisition strategy to rapidly acquire companies that offered promising security technologies.

    Invoking that strategy, Purple Cloud acquired ABCTech during a positive economic outlook. Video press coverage of this event can be viewed at https://lc.gcumedia.com/mgt805/business-acquisition-press-release-video/v1.1/. The ABCTech product acquired by Purple Cloud was completely different than any other software security application offered in the market. The product offered an elegant solution implemented with a single update to the user’s computer operating system thereby bypassing the need to distribute daily updates to address new security threats. The simplicity of the solution circumvented both the necessity to acquire capital to build or acquire extensive infrastructure and the requisite addition of high-priced support staff. Nonetheless, the company now has approximately 200 employees, about 40% of which are full-time.

    Purple Cloud has survived the economic downturn of a few years ago and, in fact, experienced a resurgence on the cybersecurity front since many people feared the vulnerability of personal information located online. Despite transforming this $40 million company into a $100 million organization with a current stock price of 71, the executives still feel it is necessary to safeguard their long-term investment as they look toward a more sustainable future. The uncertainty surrounding how Purple Cloud will approach sustainability has led Chris Christianson, one of the co-founders of ABCTech, to have his company shares bought out stating that he is uncomfortable with the current forecasting. When asked about his departure, Christianson said,

    It has been a long time coming. I was new to running a business, and as long as I was able to see where the company was going and growing, I was willing to stay. Recently, it just was not fun for me anymore. So, I am stepping down to allow the Purple Cloud leadership to replace me with someone who can help take them to the next level.

    Tecnoti, the CEO of Purple Cloud, and Thunder Thompson, co-founder of ABCTech and newly appointed chief information officer (CIO), released this joint statement:

    We are saddened by the loss of our colleague, though we know he is going to move on and do what he loves to do. We know he will still be watching as we work on a more sustainable future.

    In its quest for sustainability, Purple Cloud is interested in expanding its operations. It currently is doing well in both domestic and international sales. In essence, it is acting like an international organization, exporting its product solely via computer downloads. However, customer service costs are rising in the United States as the increased need for 24/7/365 support is needed to serve its global clientele. The addition of the second and third shifts is impacting profits.

    Concerns exist in the cybersecurity market as well. First, there is increased speculation that a company has developed toys with embedded learning software that can be used as spying devices for companies to gain a competitive advantage. However, given Purple Cloud’s acquisition strategy, this may provide an opportunity for Purple Cloud to acquire a cyber security software and then use its existing technologies necessary to implant the software. This would allow them to become the leader of cyber security products that detect this type of spying and ultimately put the world at ease from cyber spying while remaining true to its strategy and using its existing technology.

    The second concern is the current flux of United States international policies. For decades, the United States has played the role of world police force, but there is a current trend to focus more on national versus international concerns. Trade agreements such as NAFTA which have been in place for decades are being questioned, and higher tariffs may be on the horizon in order to bring manufacturing jobs back to the United States from countries such as China and India.

    However, corporate tax rates in the United States are currently in flux and could turn favorably for Purple Cloud. Thus, Purple Cloud’s leaders are considering whether this is enough to support the desired growth rate or whether going international is the right option.

    With the desire for continued growth, Purple Cloud needs to review its options, and the executives have hired a global consultant to provide them with potential global growth scenarios. Purple Cloud is advised it first needs to determine whether to remain just an exporter or to explore other international modes. The consultant, utilizing the work of Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson (2013), is providing the following modes of entry as a reference:

    · Licensing – An agreement is formed that allows a foreign company to purchase the right to manufacture and sell a firm’s products within a host country’s market or a set of host countries’ markets.

    · Strategic Alliance – A firm collaborating with another company in a different setting in order to enter one or more international markets.

    · Cross-Border Acquisition – A firm from one country acquires a stake in or purchases all of a firm located in another country. A related strategy, domestic acquisition, was used earlier in Purple Cloud’s development.

    · Greenfield Venture – A firm invests directly in another country or market by establishing a new wholly owned subsidiary, which is 100% owned by the parent company.

    Second, the consultant worked drew on the work of Iwan (2007) and advised Purple Cloud executives of three possible types of global organizations Purple Cloud could become including the following:

    · Multinational companies have investments in other countries but do not have coordinated product offerings in each country. These companies tend to be focused on adapting their products and service to each individual local market.

    · Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They market their products through the use of the same coordinated image/brand in all markets. Generally, one corporate office is responsible for designing and implementing a global strategy that tends to emphasize volume, cost management, and efficiency.

    · Transnational companies are much more complex organizations. They have invested in foreign operations and have a central corporate facility, but they delegate decision-making, research and development, and marketing powers to each individual foreign market.

    Given the goals of Purple Cloud, the consultant has presented the following three expansion countries for the executives to review further:

    · China – China is an autocratic regime following export oriented growth strategy. China has the biggest military budget in the world. Together with India, China did $73 billion in trade last year. China has become known as a leader in manufacturing, and pride itself on quality at a good price.

     

    · India – India is a democracy following inclusive growth strategy. India is nonaligned and is a self-reliant nation. No third country, directions, or orders influence India’s behavior. They have been known previously for customer service contracts and software development.

     

    · Mexico – Mexico is up-and-coming. They have signed 44 free trade agreements, more than any other country in the world. This is more than twice as many free trade agreements as China and 4 times more than Brazil. Mexico has increased the number of engineers and skilled laborers graduating from its schools. Today, Mexico is exporting more manufactured products then the rest of Latin America combined. For example, Mexico is a base to supply some Fiat 500s to the Chinese market. There are also several technology start-ups emerging up in Mexico. As the population continues to shift, language needs are also shifting.

    As a tool for researching, the consultant has recommended that Purple Cloud executives access globalEdge at https://globaledge.msu.edu/. This is a free database of international business information, and the consultant has indicated that this is an excellent resource for executives considering the types of decisions currently faced by Purple Cloud.

    The consultant has also mentioned the need for Purple Cloud to explore its current corporate social responsibility policy and consider a change of philosophy to more closely align with the notion of conscious capitalism.

    References

    Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2013). Strategic management: Competitiveness & globalization (10th edition). Mason, OH: South-Western.

    Iwan, L. (2007, June 18). Differences between a global, transnational, international, and multinational company [Web log comment]. Retrieved from https://leeiwan.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/difference-between-a-global-transnational-international-and-multinational-company/

     

    Questions to Consider

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY

Topic: Benchmark – Dual Relationships Case Study

Research Psychologist A has been conducting a study with human subjects for nearly a year. As a result, A has come to know Participant M quite well. The study is taking longer than expected, and some of the participants are leaving the study. Because of the nature of the working relationship with the participants, Research Psychologist A and Participant M have become interested in an intimate relationship. Since neither one wants to jeopardize the progress of the study, they agree to retain only a professional relationship for the duration of the study, and then to pursue an intimate relationship once the study is completed and the results have been published.

In this assignment, you will address the ethical issues of this case and will present options for resolving the ethical conflict. You will be required to consider individual perceptions as well as the needs, potential, and motivation of the involved parties when positing your resolution.

General Requirements:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

· Review the 2010 APA Ethics Code.

· Refer to Pope, K. S. (n.d.). Dual relationships, multiple relationships, & boundary decisions in the course materials for this topic.

· In addition to those listed in the assignment directions, this assignment benchmarks the following writing competencies: C7.1: Produce scholarly academic writing and C7.2: Demonstrate written logic, argument, and persuasiveness.

· Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments.

· You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

Directions:

Write a paper (1,750-2,000 words) in which you do the following:

1. Describe the ethical conflict in the scenario above.

2. Describe the options for resolving the ethical conflict including the interpersonal perceptions and other considerations that influence the options. (Benchmarks: Relationships, Spirit and Self-Discovery C8.2: Evaluate changes in one’s ability to be perceptive of others.)

3. Identify the preferred option for resolving the conflict, and explain why it is the best option. How does this option address the needs, potential, and motivations of the involved parties? (Benchmarks: Relationships, Spirit and Self-Discovery C8.3: Synthesize the potential and motivations of self and others.)

4. Propose steps Research Psychologist A should take to avoid a similar situation in the future.

Study Materials

1. Decoding the Ethics Code: A Practical Guide for Psychologists: Chapters 6, 8, and 13.

a. URL:

b. http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/sage/2016/decoding-the-ethics-code_a-practical-guide-for-psychologists_ebook_4e.php

2. The Dual Relationship – The Neophyte Dilemma

a. Howells, K. (2014). The dual relationship – The Neophyte dilemma. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review10(3), 87-90.

b. URL:

c. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=97467364&site=eds-live&scope=site

3. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Including 2010 Amendments

a. Standard 1,” “Standard 3,” “Standard 5,” “Standard 8,” and “Standard 10.”

b. American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct: Including 2010 amendments. Washington, DC: Author.

c. URL: http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx#

4. Dual Relationships, Multiple Relationships, & Boundary Decisions

a. Pope, K. S. (n.d.). Dual relationships, multiple relationships, & boundary decisions.

b. URL: https://kspope.com/dual/index.php

Assignment: Annotation Of A Quantitative Research Article ($20)

This week, you will submit the annotation of a quantitative research article (ATTACHED) on a topic of your interest (Organizational Culture and production).  Quasi-experimental, casual comparative, correlational, pretest–posttest, or true experimental are examples of types of research designs used in quantitative research.

An annotation consists of three separate paragraphs that cover three respective components: summary, analysis, and application. These three components convey the relevance and value of the source. As such, an annotation demonstrates your critical thinking about, and authority on, the source.

An annotated bibliography is a document containing selected sources accompanied by a respective annotation of each source. In preparation fo

How organizational culture and leadership style affect employees’

performance of genders Bassem E. Maamari

Department of Management Studies, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon, and

Adel Saheb Adnan Kassar School of Business, Lebanese American University,

Beirut, Lebanon

Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to highlight the importance of organizational culture on the leader’s style and the effect of the chosen leadership style on the team’s performance. It surveys a strata of leaders from the Middle East in the current turbulent environment.

Design/methodology/approach – A research paper based on a quantitative data collection in the service sector from a large number of stratified sampled firms and respondents. Findings – The cross-sectional data from 40 service companies reveal some interesting results highlighting the interrelationships between these three variables. The findings suggest that managers need to build on this concept finding in providing further training and development of employees’ skills in addition to an organizational culture of acceptance, adaptation and diversity. Research limitations/implications – Electing to use a specific set of criteria in sampling might have resulted in eliminating a meaningful different direction in the results. Moreover, the size of the survey tool limited the number of variables to test with the study. Practical implications – A number of implications are worthy of mention. First, devising reward programmes that are fairly attractive to both genders independently of each other should be a managerial priority, along with the creation and development of strong organizational cultures. Social implications – Finally, a coupled performance and organizational culture of efficiency at the workplace, if not paralleled with a proper leadership style that fosters positive results, will only result in partial improvements in the big organizational picture, resulting in the persistence of the old prejudice and discrimination along the gender and age lines. Originality/value – The study examines a suggested model in a new environment that is known to be deeply rooted in old-fashioned paternalistic managerial behaviour, and where change, if occurring, is extremely slow to introduce.

Keywords Performance, Leadership style, Organizational culture, Gender

Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction The contemporary integration of female workers into the Lebanese workplace has pulled the attention of the organizations towards the need of amendment to embrace this evolution. Due to the importance of employees’ fit to their commitment towards the organization (Behery and Paton, 2008), organizational culture is established from the inception phase in the life of any organization. It develops over time to reach a level of pervasiveness and deployment, making it one of the most challenging factors to change at a later point. With

IJOA 26,4

630

Received 10 April 2017 Revised 11 September 2017 20 October 2017 Accepted 22 October 2017

International Journal of Organizational Analysis Vol. 26 No. 4, 2018 pp. 630-651 © EmeraldPublishingLimited 1934-8835 DOI 10.1108/IJOA-04-2017-1151

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/1934-8835.htm

 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2017-1151

 

the advent multi-fold increased influx of women in the twentieth century to the workforce (Igbaria and Baroudi, 1995), the importance of the culture lies in its setting the framework for a number of variables in the organization, including performance standards, attitudes (efficiency and/or effectiveness) and norms of behaviour. These in turn limit the contribution of the lower level leaders and managers that attempt to apply randomly different styles of leadership, whether transactional or transformational, to this setting where the norms are already pre-set. Therefore, this study is seeking to investigate the existence of statistically significant effect of organizational culture on performance of both genders and whether leadership style can or does mediate this relationship.

The organizational culture presents by itself as both an organizational strength as well as a barrier to development. Its effect may vary between improving efficiency and performance and hindering the workflow processes. Whereas leadership sets the rules of the game of how employees relate to each other and to managers, its outcomes provide value to the firm in terms of commitment, loyalty and dedication of the team members towards their colleagues, respective teams and their leaders. In this organizational setting, in a context where research concerning consequence and significance of the organizational culture and leadership style on performance is extremely limited in Lebanon, testing the proposed model earns a higher interest in the managerial circles.

This manuscript is organized into four sections, namely, a review of the available scholarly literature, followed by the methods used in the study, then the results and their analysis to draw some managerial implications and conclusions.

2. Literature review Dwelling into the managerial world, and seeing the importance that operational teams dedicate to performance and the ensuing outcomes, clears the picture for researchers. The compression of operating costs in a globalized business environment where the firm seeks to satisfy an ever-changing demand within a highly competitive market, forces the today’s organizations to overlook certain factors. Among these are the effects of organizational culture and leadership style on performance. The following presents a glance at the scholarly literature on the topics at hand, beginning by organizational culture, followed by leadership style then performance and the relationship between these factors.

2.1 Organizational culture Organizational culture or corporate culture is the set of values, beliefs and way of doing things in an organization. It defines the ambiance in which an employee is working and how he/she should behave to achieve his/her duties (Mgbere, 2009), and his/her awareness of what is occurring in the organizational environment (Hofstede, 2011). It has also an impact on decision-making, level of authority and agency theory in organizations (Childe et al., 2016). Therefore, this aspect of the organization has become widely important and interesting to measure its abilities to innovate and adapt to the change of the cultures and how it affects its performance (Mgbere, 2009). The national and societal culture of the country affects organizational culture (Hofstede, 2011). According to Hofstede’s and Trompeneaars’ Model, there are measurable dimensions for the society’s culture that can influence and shape individuals’ values and norms who are the founders, employees and customers of the organizations. Values represent the corner stone and the supreme part of organizational culture (Hogan and Coote, 2014). But at the gender level, this performance is reported to vary largely, despite the many attempts to provide for equal opportunity. The explanation could be referred to the discriminatory prevailing attitude at the human capital level (Glass and Cook, 2016; Sidani, 2016; Salloum et al., 2016; Tlaiss and Kauser, 2011;

Employees’ performance of

genders

r your own future research, an annotated bibliography provides a background for understanding a portion of the existing literature on a particular topic. It is also a useful first step in gathering sources in preparation for writing a subsequent literature review as part of a dissertation.

Please review the assignment instructions below and click on the underlined words for information about how to craft each component of an annotation.

It is recommended that you use the grading rubric as a self-evaluation tool before submitting your assignment.

By Day 7

  • Annotate      one quantitative research article from a peer-reviewed journal on a topic      of your interest.
  • Provide      the reference      list entry for this article in APA Style followed by a      three-paragraph annotation that includes:
    • A summary
    • An analysis
    • An application as       illustrated in this example
  • Format      your annotation in Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced. A      separate References list page is not needed for this assignment.
  • Submit your      annotation.

]Maamari, B. E., & Saheb, A. (2018). How organizational culture and leadership style affect employees’ performance of genders. International Journal of Organizational Analysis26(4), 630–651. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2017-1151