Case Study Critiques

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You will be required to write a critique of two case studies. Each case study critique will be between 3–5 pages in length, should discuss the major facts of the case, and should tell whether or not you believe the right decision(s) was/were made and why. The format of each case study critique should be as follows:

  • Identify the important facts in the case study
  • What decision(s) were made in the case study
  • Do you believe the decisions were appropriate
  • Discuss any alternative solution(s) to the problem and support those solutions with additional research (with similar cases)
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Make sure each section is labeled appropriately (Facts, Decision, Solution, Conclusion)
  • Citation style: APA.
  • All papers should use the APA formatting to include the following: Times New Roman, 12 point font, 1” margins from left to right and top to bottom, double spaced, number pages, and include a title page.4

    Running head: OAKDALE ADMINISTRATOR CASE STUDY

    Oakdale Administrator Case Study

    Introduction

    Efforts to keep citizens happy is a relentless struggle within city management. Lack of finances and fiscal management make it difficult to create jobs, rebuild infrastructure and boost the economy in the community. The Oakdale Administrator Case study is a standard and familiar case of politics. This critique will discuss the facts of the case, identify issues, the decisions made and my opinion of any solutions.

    Facts

    In 1941, Oakdale became a city, creating positions for a Mayor and board of alderman (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 80). It appears to be in economic decline which makes it difficult for new businesses to invest and attract new residents. The city has been troubled by and is trying to recuperate from the following listed issues:

    1. Poor decision making by citizens to overwhelmingly support an inexperienced mayor and his decision to hire a city manager that had an infamous reputation throughout the region and her unethical violations to the alderman (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 83).

    2. The population is 5,000 with a lower-middle-class median income of $47,869 and a median house value of $100,900 (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 80). Silver Lake City, Oakdale’s neighbor, has a population of 7,000, but its median income is $109,345, and the median house value is $359,888 (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 81).

    3. Behind regarding revenue and expenditures, operating on an annual city budget of 3.5 million dollars (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 80).

    Decision

    When Mayor Bean was in a position of power, he boasted about what he did in office and everything he managed to ‘fix.’ Hoffnagel, a car salesman by profession in his late fifties, ran his campaign on reviving the city by bringing in new businesses and residents” (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 81). Upon Hoffnagel’s victory, he downplayed Bean’s efforts and promised to fix everything his predecessor could not. In a small town that works because it is easier to advance and apply these pledged changes, this would not be the circumstance in a large city.

    Also, he brought in his team, dismissing the old administration. Although this is not new, for example, presidents, when they come into power, can choose a new cabinet or staff. Unfortunately, the adage “out with the old and in with the new” created problems for the new mayor. As he staffed based on friendship – hiring Angela Donny after knowing her for twenty years and working with her for five of those years (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 82). By hiring one of his friends, he made the mistake of choosing with emotion instead of logic. Angela Donny had issues before being hired, working in no less than eight municipalities in twelve years (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 82). She had poor decision-making abilities, particularly her lack of due process of RFPs, not giving all interested parties an equal opportunity to bid on contracts. This kind of behavior led to negative results for the new mayor and a disappointing start to a new team.

    The now Mayor Hoffnagel promised change in the housing inspection policy

    and a new modern look for retail centers as well as proper maintenance of them (Cropf,

    Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 81). He presented his promises to the residents in a manner that made it seem like things would be progressive, and there would be great outcomes. This is not uncommon when it comes to politicians; people expect some false promises. By nature, because of his experience as a car salesman, he displayed more promises than he could keep and the disappointment when things went wrong were more significant because the residents held him to his word and entrusted him. By getting rid of people that had historical knowledge of the town and the policies in it, it made it more difficult to successfully implement the kind of changes he promised to Oakdale’s citizens. Eventually, the ICMA Committee on Professional Conduct led to the termination of Donny, followed by the resignation of the Mayor Hoffnagel. An interim mayor by name Marie Clarkson was selected and an interim city administrator, Paul Asher. It was an appropriate decision (Cropf, Giancola, & Loutzenhiser, 2016, p. 84-85).

    Solution

    Transparency was needed from the beginning to solve the financial and other problems. The best solution for this scenario would be an entirely new administration without the likes of Donny and to not go through with the project and put money into other businesses. Possibly even making the city look vintage by preserving historical landmarks; using less money by fixing up current buildings rather than building a complex that the city cannot afford.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, the newly appointed mayor lacked the qualities of an effective

    leader. His decisions went against the will of the community and appointing Donny was a

    complete disaster because the residents did not trust her. She created havoc in the city with the project proposal when she makes a quick decision of assigning the contract without even giving a chance to the other bidders and also failing to consult the other colleagues. In this scenario and always, personal desires and ethics should always take a back seat to professional ethics. Administration appointments should not be based on connections rather than work ethics and behavior. This the case study reveals how an individual decision can hinder an entire city.

    Reference

    Cropf, R., Giancola, J. and Loutzenhiser, K. (2016). The Public Administration Casebook. 1st ed.

    London and New York: Routledge, pp.80-85.

Wayne Williams Written Report And Presentation

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Review and utilize the information you gathered for your Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review (Attached). In addition, review the assigned readings from the text. The Final Project is made up of two parts; both will be based on the Wayne Williams/Atlanta Child Murders case. The Final Project builds on the culmination of information you acquired in each of week of this course. The first part of the project consists of a written report where you will contrast the handling and processing of evidence at the time of the case with the accepted procedures in use today.

The second part of the project consists of a video presentation of evidence from the case. The purpose of the written report and the presentation is for you to utilize the learning achieved in the course by evaluating the scientific techniques used to process evidence found at crime scenes, examining ethical issues pertaining to the forensic evidence, as well as articulating legal issues related to the use of forensic testing of evidence.

For your Final Project, you will take on the role of the commander of the investigations division. You have been tasked to write a report for the chief’s office on the Wayne Williams’ case evidence. Additionally, you have been requested to create a video presentation for a citizens’ police academy class, which is currently reviewing the crime scene evidence analysis of the Wayne Williams’ case.

Wayne Williams Case Evidence Staff Study—Part I: The Written Report

The Written Report must include evidence from all of the different crime scenes of the Williams’ case. In your report, you must

  • 1. Explain different techniques used to process non-biological trace, biological, and digital evidence in the field, as well as a laboratory setting relevant to this case.
  • 2. Compare how major pieces of evidence were handled at the time of discovery and contrast that to how it would be handled today.
  • 3. Examine legal and ethical issues related to judicial admissibility regarding collection and forensic testing of non-biological, biological, and digital evidence, including current challenges and emerging issues that are relevant to the case.
  • 4. Analyze any legal or court issues that have emerged subsequent to the initial investigation.
  • 5. Differentiate evidence admissibility standards between then and now.
  • 6. Explain the differences in handling or processing procedures and the evolution in forensics that have occurred that would influence this case.
  • 7. Evaluate the preferred methods and techniques used in the field and the laboratory as they pertain to this case.

The Written Report

  • Must be a minimum of ten double-spaced pages in length, not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA
  • In Text Citing
  • The written report must include a separate title page with the following:
  • The written report must use at least eight scholarly and credible sources in addition to the course text.
  • The written report must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style
  • The written report must document all sources in APA style

Wayne Williams Case Evidence Staff Study—Part II: The Presentation

In the role of commander of the investigations division, create a five-minute PowerPoint/Screencast-O-Matic presentation for a citizens’ police academy class which summarizes the evidence found in the Wayne Williams/Atlanta Child Murders case.

This brief presentation should highlight important aspects of forensics as seen in the Wayne Williams case as well as how forensics have evolved. Utilize your written report as a source for the presentation material; however, the presentation should not be a duplicate of the written staff report, but should be phrased in a way that the non-law enforcement members of the citizens’ academy can understand the processes and legal aspects involved in introducing the evidence at a trial. After creating the PowerPoint presentation, create a Screencast-O-Matic recording of the presentation, which is an online recording of you narrating the PowerPoint. For the recording portion, you may use any screen casting platform you wish. (Quick-start guides for Screencast-O-Matic (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and Jing (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. are provided for your convenience.)

Your presentation must be clear and provide the audience with an understanding of the purpose and meaning of the evidence analysis including the following elements.

Provide a high-level overview of the processing procedures.

Evaluate the probative value of the evidence and legal or ethical issues, in addition to why certain methods should or should not have been used.

This brief presentation should highlight important aspects of forensics as seen in the Wayne Williams case and how forensics have evolved. In addition, in your presentation, you must

  • 1. Explain why each type of evidence is important to this case.
  • 2. Explain different techniques that might be used to process non-biological trace, biological, and digital evidence in the field and in a laboratory setting.
  • 3. Examine legal and ethical issues related to judicial admissibility regarding collection and forensic testing of non-biological, biological, and digital evidence, including current challenges and emerging issues that are relevant to the case.
  • 4. Evaluate techniques used in the field and the laboratory, identifying which is the preferred method and why.

Include visual enhancements in your presentation. These may include appropriate images, a consistent font, appropriate animations, and transitions from content piece-to-content piece and slide-to-slide. Images should be cited in APA format

You may wish to use the Where to Get Free (and Legal) Images (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. guide for assistance with accessing freely available public domain and/or Creative Commons licensed images.

Access Simple Rules for Better PowerPoint Presentations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., which provides useful assistance with creating successful PowerPoint presentations.

As mentioned earlier, after you have created your PowerPoint, you will create a screencast of your presentation. Your screencast may not exceed 5 minutes. It is highly recommended that you create a script and/or speaker’s notes for your PowerPoint to ensure that your screencast will meet the time requirements. This will also allow you to practice your presentation prior to recording it. Once your screencast has been created, copy and paste the URL to your screencast into written document. There is no need to upload the PowerPoint presentation to the system. Save it in a safe place in case there are any issues in creating the screencast.

The Screencast/PowerPoint presentation

  • Must be a minimum of 10 slides, excluding the cover and references slides.
  • The presentation must contain a cover page and reference pages in APA
  • In-Text Citing

The presentation must include a minimum of four scholarly or credible sources, in addition to any required readings from class used.

Please read and understand assignment. This is a 2 part assignment.

Here are some articles to assist:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pur1.32754078883307;view=1up;seq=6 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOSI_gPN7us

http://www.schooltube.com/video/1263f634c20e41c0af86/CNN%20Atlanta%20Child%20Murders:%20Interview%20with%20Prosecutor%20in%20Wayne%20Williams%20Case

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2010/atlanta.child.murders/ 

https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/-serial-killers-part-5-wayne-williams-and-the-atlanta-child-murders

http://law.jrank.org/pages/3349/Wayne-Williams-Trial-1981.html

Also attached that is required.

Running head: WAYNE WILLIAMS MURDER CASE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

WAYNE WILLIAMS MURDER CASE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wayne Williams Murder Case Annotated Bibliography

Janelle Dean

CRJ627: Advanced Forensic Science

Professor: Brett Bauman

January 19th, 2018

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wayne Williams Murder Case Annotated Bibliography

BACM Research. 1989. Atlanta Child Murders. FBI Files. Retrieved From: https://vault.fbi.gov/Atlanta%20Child%20Murders

The different files shared in this source shows a collection of evidence which is explained by different of conspiracy theories. It was not until one of the surveillance teams heard a loud splash in one of the rivers that the investigators had their first contact with the suspect Wayne Bertram Williams. Due to lack of probable cause, he was left to go free. Two days later the body of Nathaniel Carter, 27-year-old African-American was found in the river. Wayne Williams was taken through a polygraph test which he failed. The fibers and dog hair which was found in William’s house matched those found in one of the victim’s body. Further tests also showed that many other victims matched 19 other sources of fibers which were either from William’s car or house.

FBI, (2014). Serial Killers Part 5: Wayne Williams and the Atlanta Child Murders. FBI NEWS. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/-serial-killers-part-5-wayne-williams-and-the-atlanta-child-murders

The article by the FBI reporting mentions the participation of the various agencies which were involved and analyses how the information and evidence which were collected suggested that the series of murders were carried out by one person. The nature of the murder crimes appeared not to fall under the specific federal law. However, on November 17th, 1980, the FBI agents together with the local and state law officers embarked on intensive investigations which identified various shared traits in the murder crimes. For example; all of the murder victims were young African-American males who disappeared in public locations in broad daylight. The capture of Wayne Williams came after he was investigated for the murder of Nathaniel Cater whose body was found downstream Chattahoochee River. Earlier, Wayne Williams was apprehended by one of the surveillance team after they heard a loud splash in the river.

Gentry, M. (October 31, 2017). The Atlanta Child Murders: The man in prison. The Atlanta Journal. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://www.myajc.com/news/crime–law/the-atlanta-child-murders- the-man-prison/Mx918z122WFLvqKaaoag8J/

The life profile of Wayne Bertram Williams has been shared as one that feels out of glory due to the recent murder cases he was linked to. He allegedly started his acts of terror after he ventured into the entertainment industry as a record producer. Even though he was never accused of killing any children, the prosecutor named him as a stressed individual who resulted in crude ways after he could no longer bare his depression. Being in the entertainment industry introduced William to many young people as he would scout for young people who wanted to be part of the music industry. Later he would lure them to their death whereby most of them would go missing for days never to be found. This report shows how William’s life transformed from being a lovable boy to being a feared convict in Atlanta.

Gilligan, M. (March 07, 2017). Wayne Williams and the Atlanta Child Murders. Did You Know? Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://didyouknowfacts.com/wayne-williams-atlanta-child-murders/

Between 1979 and 1981 the increasing number of disappearing young African-American children in Atlanta was at alarming rate bringing fear among the citizens. This attracted the attention of the leaders, and immediate precautionary action had to be taken to put a stop to this menace. Investigations indicated that the victims were being snatched in broad daylight from the streets of the city. One of these victims was a seven-year-old girl, Latonya Wilson who went missing on June 22nd, 1980. According to this report, the FBI in partnership with the city’s law enforces started their investigation one year after the murders began. Upon stumbling into Wayne Williams’s murder case, most of the evidence of the murders of two adults were almost similar to those which were found in the murder cases of the African-American children.

Headley, B. (1998). The Atlanta youth murders and the politics of race. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Most of the 29 killings reported in Atlanta between 1979 and 1981 involved young African-American boys who were believed to be kidnapped and murdered. This could easily be suspected as a racial conflict in Atlanta which would result in a racial war. The idea of the intensive investigation was to erase the thought that the Ku Klux Klan might have done these deaths. Therefore, the state’s law enforcers teamed up with the FBI to place surveillance teams in some of the areas where bodies of the victims were dumped in order to bust the murder(s). Would it be possible that the Atlanta Police Department covered up any pieces of evidence linking the murders of the African-American children with the KKK?

Mallard, J. (2010). The Atlanta child murders: the night stalker. Charleston, SC: Booksurge Llc.

Having served as a prosecutor in Georgia, Jack Mallard analyses the case of serial killer Wayne Bertram Williams as the most controversial, and publicized case in the country. Williams caused terror in the city of Atlanta, Georgia as being the orchestrator of the mission and murdered children. There were a total of 28 victims who were found murdered within two years. The killings in Atlanta ended after the arrest of Williams whereby there has never been such cases ever since. Besides the evidence produced against Williams, he was suspected of suffering from some mental illness due to the turn of events in his life. This book suggests that there are some reasons which led Williams to commit the murder crimes which he is serving punishment in life imprisonment.

Nickell, J. (2011). The Atlanta Child Murders: Evidence vs. Psychics. CSICOP Retrieved January 19, 2018, from: https://www.csicop.org/sb/show/the_atlanta_child_murders_evidence_vs._psychics

The reports in this article seek to question the validity of the evidence which was provided for the murder cases alleged to be carried out by Wayne Williams. One of these arguments includes the claims by Williams’s defense attorneys who sought to discredit the fiber evidence. The attorney argues that the particular fiber linked to William could have been found in any other person’s home or car. However, this argument was challenged by the prosecution which conveyed that there was limited number of people who had the carpet which had that exact fiber. This article also seeks to question whether William was the only one owning a Chevrolet vehicle. Other assumptions are that he could have borrowed the vehicle. However, it was not a coincidence that the family’s dog hair was found in most of the victim’s body. Therefore this overrules most of these arguments.

NoAuthorFound, (2015, December 21). Wayne Williams Biography. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://www.biography.com/people/wayne-williams-14424594

The life of Wayne Williams has been partially discussed in this article which shows his conspiracy in carrying out various murders which in each he tried to hide any trace that would lead to his capture. According to the synopsis of the case, everything about the different murders leads to Wayne Williams. The first site which was identified as Williams’s dumping site was in isolated wooded areas. But after realizing that he would be identified he changed his MO to the Chattahoochee River. This made it easier for the investigators to carry out surveillance operations and they narrowed their focus to the 14 bridges of this river. Upon bumping into Williams on one of the bridges, two days before the body of another victim was found in the river opened a series of connection which led to the arrest and trial of Williams.

Polk, J. (September 6, 2010). DNA test strengthens Atlanta child killings case. CNN. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/06/09/williams.dna.test/index.html

When William went on trial for the Atlanta child murders investigation, the courtroom science did not consider DNA testing as an important tool of the investigation. But since it was incorporated in courtroom science there have been clarifications on the sources of the scalp of hairs which were found on bodies of most of the 27 murder-victims. Even though the retired FBI scientist, Harold Deadman testified about the hair belonging to William, he continued to deny most of the charges. However, the dog hairs on the body of a victim, Baltazar showed the same DNA sequence as that of “Sheba” which was a German Shepherd belonging to William’s family. According to the DNA report the same DNA chain.

Rowson, K. (April 30, 2015). Atlanta Child Murders: Wayne Williams hopes for appeal. USA TODAY. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/local/2015/04/30/wayne-williams-hair-evidence-fbi/26678019/

William was convicted of the murder of two adults in 1982, where he was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. However, the prosecutors still believe that he is responsible for the murders of 23 children out of the 29 reported child murders that happened in Atlanta. William still stood with his claim that he was innocent of the murder cases and hoped that new evidence and information would surface to give him a lease on life. According to the report, 96 percent of the evidence provided by the FBI hair analysis might have been faulty. This leaves us to question the integrity of the law enforces and the investigation systems. Does this mean that a serial killer is roaming freely instead of being behind bars?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

BACM Research. 1989. Atlanta Child Murders. FBI Files. Retrieved From: https://vault.fbi.gov/Atlanta%20Child%20Murders

FBI, (2014). Serial Killers Part 5: Wayne Williams and the Atlanta Child Murders. FBI NEWS. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/-serial-killers-part-5-wayne-williams-and-the-atlanta-child-murders

Gentry, M. (October 31, 2017). The Atlanta Child Murders: The man in prison. The Atlanta Journal. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://www.myajc.com/news/crime–law/the-atlanta-child-murders- the-man-prison/Mx918z122WFLvqKaaoag8J/

Gilligan, M. (March 07, 2017). Wayne Williams and the Atlanta Child Murders. Did You Know? Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://didyouknowfacts.com/wayne-williams-atlanta-child-murders/

Headley, B. (1998). The Atlanta youth murders and the politics of race. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Mallard, J. (2010). The Atlanta child murders: the night stalker. Charleston, SC: Booksurge Llc.

Nickell, J. (2011). The Atlanta Child Murders: Evidence vs. Psychics. CSICOP Retrieved January 19, 2018, from: https://www.csicop.org/sb/show/the_atlanta_child_murders_evidence_vs._psychics

NoAuthorFound, (2015, December 21). Wayne Williams Biography. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://www.biography.com/people/wayne-williams-14424594

Polk, J. (September 6, 2010). DNA test strengthens Atlanta child killings case. CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2018, from http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/06/09/williams.dna.test/index.html

Rowson, K. (April 30, 2015). Atlanta Child Murders: Wayne Williams hopes for appeal. USA TODAY. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/local/2015/04/30/wayne-williams-hair-evidence-fbi/26678019/

When were most inchoate crimes recognized in American law?

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Question 1         When were most inchoate crimes recognized in American law?                 The fourteenth century

The sixteenth century

The eighteenth century

The twentieth century
Question 2         Which portion of an attempted crime is not enough to sustain a conviction?

Mere confession

Mere preparation

Mere solicitation

Mere corroboration

Question 3         Which of the following actions is most likely to be ruled a “substantial step” in the commission of an attempt?

Buying a book on cleaning up crime scenes

Purchasing a personal firearm

Taking out a life insurance policy

Lying in wait for the victim

Question 4         Which concept holds that acts remotely leading toward a crime are not liable, but acts immediately connected to it are?

The mere preparation test

The proximity approach

The coinciding test

The concurrency approach

Question 5          Which of the following is an inchoate crime?                 Murder

Rape

Solicitation

Prostitution

CJ100 Unit 4

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Running Head: Social Issues 1

 

Social Issues 2

 

 

 

 

 

Social Issues

Thomas Elkins

Kaplan University

Preparing for a Career in Public Safety

CJ100-Unit 2

Prof Jodi Levit

 

 

Social Issues

A criminal justice practitioner is an individual who is qualified and registered to practice or engage in any art, profession, occupation or in a discipline that is involved in the criminal justice system. These are professionals that have specialized in law related occupational fields such as judges, defense attorneys, prosecuting attorneys and/or police officers. These are people who regularly interact with law offenders or law breakers. For a society to be sustained there are aspects in the society that have to be put in check, governed and maintained to ensure harmony and to prevent chaos. There are laws that govern how a society operates, limits and regulations are put in place that ensure the entire society is maintains a morally guided standard. There are institutions that are put in place to ensure that these laws and regulations have been put in place and in case anyone breaks the law they are correctly dealt with, these include the criminal justice system. This agency ensures that all laws and regulations have been upheld and most importantly deal with criminals that have potential to cause chaos in the social dynamics. (Bottoms & Tankebe, 2012).

There are several key social issues that are faces our society, and that is why criminal justice practitioners are required. These issues include: Drug related activities, these ranges from drug abuse, drug trafficking and drug manufacturing. All these are criminal activities that our society face, it has the ability to interfere with the fundamental functioning of our society there by affecting the other aspects like economy. Drug addiction is a menace to the society which contributes to further crime. The police is criminal justice practitioners are very important in dealing with the drug menace in any society where the police apprehend and the courts punish. Another issue that our society faces is gang related violence, this is one of the major menaces that affects our society. Gangs have the potential of bringing chaos by ricking violence across the society through intimidation and criminal activities of theft and/or murder. The criminal justice practitioners are endowed with the responsibility of ensuring gangs and gang related activities are stopped and are effectively dealt with. The other issue facing our society today is terrorism this is menace with the potential of destabilizing the entire society halting the society and pushing it into chaos. Terrorist activities are criminal activities that have can lead to very many deaths, it is therefore vital that terrorists and various terrorist activities are investigated well before any of these activities actually take place and if they do a proper investigation is carried out to find out people involved and at this point is where criminal justice practitioners come in, they stop terrorist activities, investigate then punish all involved. (Neubauer&Fradella, 2015)

The bottom line then is criminal justice practitioners are very vital in a society, they should form the fabric and backbone that maintains a society. They ensure that all checks and balances within the society run smoothly and that the society is maintained by preventing chaos. (Maguire &Duffee,2015)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference

Bottoms, A., &Tankebe, J. (2012). Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. The journal of criminal law and criminology, 119-170.

Emmerson, B., Ashworth, A., & Macdonald, A. (2012). Human rights and criminal justice. Sweet & Maxwell.

Neubauer, D. W., &Fradella, H. F. (2015). America’s courts and the criminal justice system. Cengage Learning.

Maguire, E. R., &Duffee, D. E. (Eds.). (2015). Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice. Routledge.