Explain each sampling technique discussed in the “Visual Learner: Statistics” in your own words, and give examples of when each technique would be appropriate

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The visual learner statistics learner statistics include five different types of sampling techniques. They are simple random sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling.

Simple Random Sampling: In a simple random sampling, individuals are chosen at random and not more than once to prevent a bias that would negatively affect the validity of the result of the experiment. Individuals in the sample are given equal opportunity to be selected.

Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into two or more groups called strata that share common characteristics and deriving a sample from each different group. Example: Collecting the same set of data from college educated individuals, individuals with some college education, and data from individuals with no college experience.

Convenience sampling: Sampling a group of people that are readily available, an easy or convenient way to collect a sample. Example: Collecting a data on a group of patients that have an appointment with their doctor in a single day

Cluster sampling: Is a simple technique where the entire population is divided into groups or clusters and then a random sample of these clusters are selected. Example of use of this type of sampling would be to find out about city taxes in Maryland. It would be too difficult to get a random sample in the state of Maryland, so the researcher could use cluster sampling to get data from certain cities in Maryland and that would basically give them an idea of city taxes in Maryland.

Systematic sampling: In systematic sampling, the member of the population is selected randomly at a particular starting number. Example a researcher has a total population of 100 individuals. From the list, the researcher randomly selects the first sample elements from the K elements of the population list, thereafter every K element on the list is selected.

Reference

Alvi, M. (2016). A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research.

Moore D.S &McCabe (2013) Introduction to the practice of statistics  (5TH edition) Freeman and company New York.

 

5-I defiantly agree with you, Nurses as researchers need to find the right mix of sampling type that would be most appropriate first to the patients involved, secondly as to the particular dialysis if involved and future treatments, they must also be looking at the future growth of the profession and best practices before embarking with any type of sampling decision. Sampling bias and error is the end product of poor decision making involving sampling types

 

6-You did a great job explaining the types and forms of visual learning provided, I also opine that because population keeps getting wider and wider and there is a need to streamline it into manageable parts, the idea for types of sampling was birth. And the choice on the type is dependent on the researcher, the research basis and the population itself. Dr. James Lani of Complete Dissertation defines sampling as a “statistical procedure that is concerned with the selection of the individual observation; it helps us to make statistical inferences about the population”

References

James L (n.d) Sampling. Retrieved from http://www.statisticssolutions.com/sample-size-calculation-and-sample-size-justification/sampling/

Regulatory, Legal, Ethical, and Accreditation Issues in Research

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As highlighted in Chapter 9 of your course text, three research methods are available (descriptive, analytic, and evaluative). Discuss these methods and give one example of how each would be used when conducting research using homeless individuals as subjects. Analyze regulatory, accreditation, ethical, and legal issues and challenges related to each research method.

Your initial contribution should be 250 to 300 words in length. Your research and claims must be supported by your course text and at least one other scholarly source. Use proper APA formatting for in-text citations and references as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Medical Law and Ethic

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3 PART Research Paper 

Course:  Medical Law and Ethic

Course Text book : Judson, K., & Harrison, C. (2016). Law & ethics for health professions (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

!!!!!!!****Please pay attention to due date thanks a lot*****!!!!!!!!!!!!

PART 1: Unit II Research Paper Topic  (!!!!!!!DUE 24/48 HRS!!!!!!!!!!!))

For your course research paper, you will choose a topic based upon compliance standards related to health information initiatives in medical law and ethics from which to create research questions. Once you have chosen your topic, you will submit a proposal consisting of your preliminary research with at least two scholarly references.

Within your proposal, discuss why you chose your topic, at least two possible subtopics, possible research questions you could investigate, and the relevance of your two scholarly references to your research. Make sure that your topics, research questions, and references are related to law and ethics within a health profession.

Your topic proposal should be at least one page, double-spaced, Times New Roman 12 pt. font, with appropriate APA style writing.

Note: This is often the most difficult part of the research process. Here are some tips to getting started with your research paper:

Wikipedia is NOT ACCEPTABLE

Course Hero/ etc

NO plagiarism

PART 2: Unit IV Outline ( DUE 72 HRS!!!!!!!!!!)

For this submission, you will submit an outline of your research paper on a topic based upon compliance standards related to health information initiatives in medical law and ethics. This should include these specific components to ensure you are on the right track:

· an outline of your research and the intended thesis of your argument and

· at least two scholarly resources you have found that contribute to your topic.

This research outline should be at least two pages, double-spaced with Times New Roman 12 pt. font, and use appropriate APA style writing. You should be thorough in your research so your professor or a colleague could adequately determine your intended topic and the direction you are going with your paper.

Wikipedia is NOT ACCEPTABLE

Course Hero/etc

NO plagiarism

PART 3 : Unit VII Research Paper ( DUE ON DUTE DATE !!!!!!!!!)

Unit VII Research Paper

For your final submission, you are to submit the research paper on your topic based upon compliance standards related to health information initiatives in medical law and ethics that you have been working on throughout the course. ( WHICH INCLUDES PART 1 THE TOPIC /PART 2 THE OUTLINE) 

The research paper should be at least eight pages, double-spaced, Times New Roman 12 pt. font, with appropriate APA style writing. The research paper must contain a minimum of five scholarly references that support your argument surrounding the topic, should answer your research question(s), and should support your points about the need for further research on this topic

Wikipedia is NOT ACCEPTABLE

NO Course Hero

NO plagiarism

Off-Label Drug Use In Pediatrics

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The unapproved use of approved drugs, also called off-label use, with children is quite common. This is because pediatric dosage guidelines are typically unavailable since very few drugs have been specifically researched and tested with children.

When treating children, prescribers often adjust dosages approved for adults to accommodate a child’s weight. However, children are not just “smaller” adults. Adults and children process and respond to drugs differently in their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Children even respond differently during stages from infancy to adolescence. This poses potential safety concerns when prescribing drugs to pediatric patients. As an advanced practice nurse, you have to be aware of safety implications of the off-label use of drugs with this patient group.

To prepare:

· Review the Bazzano et al. and Mayhew articles in the Learning Resources. Reflect on situations in which children should be prescribed drugs for off-label use.

· Think about strategies to make the off-label use and dosage of drugs safer for children from infancy to adolescence. Consider specific off-label drugs that you think require extra care and attention when used in pediatrics.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post an explanation of circumstances under which children should be prescribed drugs for off-label use. Then, describe strategies to make the off-label use and dosage of drugs safer for children from infancy to adolescence. Include descriptions and names of off-label drugs that require extra care and attention when used in pediatrics.

This work should have Introduction and conclusion

– This work should have at 3 to 5current references (Year 2012 and up)

– Use at least 2 references from class Learning Resources

The following Resources are not acceptable:

1. Wikipedia

2. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section

3. Webmd.com

4. Mayoclinic.com

Required Readings

Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

  • Review Chapter 4, “Principles      of Pharmacotherapy in Pediatrics” (pp. 53-63)
    This chapter explores concepts relating to drug selection, administration,      and interaction for pediatric patients. It also compares age-related      pharmacokinetic differences in children and adults.
  • Chapter 17, “Ophthalmic      Disorders” (pp. 221-243)
    This chapter examines the causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria,      and drug treatment for four ophthalmic disorders: blepharitis,      conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and glaucoma. It also explores      methods of monitoring patient response to treatment.
  • Chapter 43,      “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder” (pp. 743-756)
    This chapter explains the process of diagnosing      Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It also identifies drugs      for treating patients with ADHD, including proper dosages, selected      adverse events, and special considerations for each drug.
  • Chapter 51, “Immunizations”      (pp. 906-926)
    This chapter explores vaccines that are licensed for use in the United      States and provides a recommended vaccination schedule for pediatric      patients and adults.
  • Chapter 52, “Smoking Cessation”      (pp. 927-943)
    This chapter examines clinical implications of smoking. It also covers      various approaches for aiding patients who are dependent on nicotine but      want to stop smoking.
  • Chapter 54, “Weight Loss” (pp. 945-956)
    This chapter begins by reviewing patient factors that contribute to      obesity. It also examines drug therapy for initiating weight loss in      patients, as well as alternative non-drug treatments.

Bazzano, A. T, Mangione-Smith, R., Schonlau, M., Suttorp, M. J., & Brook, R. H. (2009). Off-label prescribing to children in the United States outpatient setting. Academic Pediatrics, 9(2), 81–88. 

This study examines the frequency of off-label prescribing to children and explores factors that impact off-label prescribing.

Mayhew, M. (2009). Off-label prescribing. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 5(2), 122–123. 

This article reviews the prevalence of off-label prescribing, including its benefits and risks. It also explores issues regarding the safety of off-label prescribing and when it is unavoidable.

Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/

This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Advanced pharmacology – Final course review. Baltimore, MD: Author. 

This media is an interactive final review covering course content.