Briefly explain whether the following conditions for identifiability of effects are achieved and how (e.g. in the study design, in the analysis; and if in the design or in the analysis, how exactly, etc.): a. Positivity ; b. Consistency ; c. Exchangeability .

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Read an article and answer the 6 questions. Must be well-explained inone or twoparagraphs.

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Reading the article in the following website and answer the six questions below:
http://aulafarmacologica.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Las-Estatinas-Reducen-la-Mortalidad-por-C{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}C3{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}A1ncer-2012.pdfhttp://aulafarmacologica.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Las-Estatinas-Reducen-la-Mortalidad-por-C{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}C3{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}A1ncer-2012.pdf
1. Statin use information was obtained from prescriptions filled at Danish pharmacies. However, no information was available on whether individuals took the medicine they were prescribed. Could this lead to exposure misclassification / measurement error? Would the error be differential or non-differential? Independent from the outcome or dependent? How would this misclassification affect the estimate of the causal effect of statin on mortality?
2. Page 1794, second column. The authors describe that, in addition to the main analysis including all individuals with cancer, they also performed a matched analysis, selecting 3 non-statin users for each statin user matched for sex, age at cancer diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and cancer type. Did this matching increase exchangeability between statin users and never users? Explain your answer using the information provided in Table 1.
3. In page 1796, first column, Statistical analysis. “Multivariable Cox models were adjusted for age, …, and size of residential area”. What is the purpose of adjusting for these variables?
4. Briefly explain whether the following conditions for identifiability of effects are achieved and how (e.g. in the study design, in the analysis; and if in the design or in the analysis, how exactly, etc.):
a. Positivity ;
b. Consistency ;
c. Exchangeability .
5. The Figure in page 1800 presents results for different stratified analysis. Using the information in the figure, describe the association between statin use and mortality by presence of ‘chemotherapy’. Would your qualitative assessment of the interacion have been different if instead of hazard ratios the figure had used rate…

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THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETA THE LACKS BOOK

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The assignment is about THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETA THE LACKS BOOK by the author Rebecca Skloot. It need and analytical summary which explains the writing style in presenting the story and who her rhetorical argument gave strength to her writing. Using one style of rhetorical persuasion categories of ethos, pathos, or logos and write base on it of how Skloot organized her writing to be effective for example the use of real conversations. The essay is going to have an introduction talking about the book and the writer and pref summary of Henrieta in couple of sentences and thesis statement. and every single paragraph must has intro and conclusion and quotes . in the attachment there is my essay which you need to use it and know how my style is but fix it to meet the requirement, copy of the book the first chapter LIFE, and the format for the essay and the details. please make the solution very simple, very easy, and I don’t want a perfect essay. I need it to be easy to me to understand and change it to my style. It is 800 words around 3 pages not more.

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medical facilities, in all the computers and the Internet everywhere. When I go to the doctor for my checkups I always say my mother was HeLa. They get all excited, tell me stuff like how her cells helped make my blood pressure medicines and antidepression pills and how all this important stuff in science happen cause of her. But they don’t never explain more than just sayin, Yeah, your mother was on the moon, she been in nuclear bombs and made that polio vaccine. I really don’t know how she did all that, but I guess I’m glad she did, cause that mean she helpin lots of people. I think she would like that. But I always have thought it was strange, if our mother cells done so much for medicine, how come her family can’t afford to see no doctors? Don’t make no sense. People got rich off my mother without us even knowin about them takin her cells, now we don’t get a dime. I used to get so mad about that to where it made me sick and I had to take pills. But I don’t got it in me no more to fight. I just want to know who my mother was. The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks 1The Exam O n January 29, 1951, David Lacks sat behind the wheel of his old Buick, watching the rain fall. He was parked under a towering oak tree outside Johns Hopkins Hospital with three of his children—two still in diapers—waiting for their mother, Henrietta. A few minutes earlier she’d jumped out of the car, pulled her jacket over her head, and scurried into the hospital, past the “colored” bathroom, the only one she was allowed to use. In the next building, under an elegant domed copper roof, a ten-and-a-half-foot marble statue of Jesus stood, arms spread wide,
fter her visit to Hopkins, Henrietta went about life as usual, cleaning and cooking for Day, their children, and the many cousins who stopped by. Then, a few days later, Jones got her biopsy results from the pathology lab: “Epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix, Stage I.”…

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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTH CARE

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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTH CARE

 

  • question2.Complete the Problem on page 459 in the text. Submit your solution to your instructor. See page 380 for a general description of Marcus Welby Hospital .

    Marcus Welby Hospital has decided to form an HMO in which it wants to give physicians a major stake, in order to foster allegiance and encourage cost-effective treatment. You are consulted as a legal and management expert to advise the hospital on the consequences of forming the HMO as a nonprofit versus a for-profit entity. What are the relevant considerations with respect to tax exemption, the ability to raise capital, the role of physicians, and operational constraints

  • question 3.Complete the Problem beginning on page 484 of your text titled “Problem: Economic Credentialing” in a two page paper.. Submit the completed assignment to your instructor. See page 380 for a general description of Marcus Welby Hospital .

    You are the lawyer for Marcus Welby Community Hospital . The administrator approaches you about how to amend the bylaws so that the hospital can get rid of doctors who are costing the hospital too much money under Medicare and HMO insurance. The administrator is concerned about which removal actions can be defended in court and which bylaw amendments are politically feasible with physicians. Advise the administrator on each of these options:

    • Amend the Hospital Bylaws to give the hospital board authority to remove doctors from the medical staff for any reason, regardless of the medical staff’s own recommendations, as long as the medical staff is first consulted.
    • Amend the Medical Staff Bylaws to declare that an additional criterion for medical staff membership is to practice an efficient style of medicine that avoids wasting medical resources or providing unnecessary care.
    • Forget about amending any bylaws. Instead, go after physicians who are economic losers based on their general medical competence and their unwillingness to be cooperative.
    • Keep but supplant the entire medical staff structure by limiting who can practice in each department through one-year renewable contracts with the 200 best doctors out of the present 300.

    Note that the assignment asks you to comment on each of the options, not just one. You may comment on one option being better than another for some reason, but be sure to comment on all the options. Support your advice with material from the text. 

What issues would you want to alert the hospital board to concerning whether this is a permissible venture, and how the HMO can use its capital funds?

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question 1.For Profit Joint Venture.

or this assignment, complete the Problem presented on page 432-433 (also below) in the text. See page 380 for a general description of Marcus Welby Hospital .

To seek shelter from the competitive storm, Marcus Welby Hospital (MWH) is considering forming a joint venture with an existing for-profit HMO. MWH would be given 30 percent ownership of the privately held HMO, and each of its five board of trustees members would be given 1 percent ownership, in exchange for MWH contributing $10 million in capital funds, which is 35 percent of the HMO’s appraised net worth. Since the HMO already owns its own nursing home, MWH will raise the capital by selling its nursing home. MWH will receive 30 percent of whatever profit distributions the HMO board chooses to make from time to time and the trustees will receive their 1 percent shares. MWH also hopes to increase its patient base for hospital admissions and to secure a better bargaining position for reimbursements from the HMO, but the HMO is making no promises about where its subscribers will be sent for hospital care, nor how it will pay MWH for hospital services to its subscribers.

Assume that MWH has articles of incorporation similar to Queen of Angels’ only covering nursing home as well as hospital services, and that it has received only general, unrestricted gifts from donors. Also, assume there is no other management or personal connection between MWH and the HMO.

  • What issues would you want to alert the hospital board to concerning whether this is a permissible venture, and how the HMO can use its capital funds?
  • Would these parties be advised to have the HMO pledge some portion of its revenues to pay for charity care services at MWH?