How does each of the following conditions influence the prevalence of a disease in a population? For each scenario, assume that no other changes occur.

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KNOW PUBLIC HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY   
1)How does each of the following conditions influence the prevalence of a disease in a population? For each scenario, assume that no other changes occur. Your choices are: increases prevalence, decreases prevalence, or has no effect on prevalence.
· A treatment is developed that prolongs the life of people suffering from the disease?
· A new measure is developed that prevents new cases of disease from occurring?
· There is immigration of a large number of healthy people into the population.?
· The case-fatality rate for the disease increases?

2) Which type of measure of disease frequency best describes each of the following scenarios?
· Percentage of students enrolled in a college who developed influenza during the spring semester of 2012.
· Percentage of students enrolled in an epidemiology class who had sore throats on the first day of class.
· Percent of breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy during 2012.
· Percent of men found to have high blood pressure at their yearly physical.
· Number of newly-diagnosed cases of AIDS in a year per 100,000 persons.
· Percent of infants born with spina bifida out of 1,000 liveborn infants.
· Percent of drivers found to be legally drunk at the time of their car accident.

3) Suppose that you are following a group of children for the development of asthma over a one- year period. You identify 100 children on January 1st, screen them for asthma, and set up a monitoring program to check on their status on a monthly basis. Five children are considered prevalent cases because they were diagnosed with asthma before January 1st. Ten children develop asthma on March 1st and another ten children develop asthma on July 1st. Another 10 children who remain healthy were followed for six months and then were lost to follow-up. All of the remaining children did not develop asthma and were not lost to follow-up. Follow-up ended on December 31st.
· What was the prevalence of asthma on June 1st?
· What was the prevalence of asthma on September 1st?
· How many person-months of observation were accrued by this population?
· What was the incidence rate of asthma in this population for the one-year period?

An Experimental Study in the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

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PUBLIC HEALTH
Ethics in Epidemiological Research
An Experimental Study in the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Imagine that researchers are conducting a randomized controlled trial of a high-fiber supplement as a preventive measure in persons at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. People enrolled in the study are disease-free at the time they agree to participate in the trial, but they all have a family history of type 2 diabetes and are considered at high-risk (80{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}) to develop the disease during their lifetime. The 10,000 participants who start the trial are healthy individuals who are randomly allocated to receive either high-fiber supplements or placebo for several years. As you can imagine, this study will be quite expensive and will require a large infrastructure of personnel and materials to carry it out successfully.
Because type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, the potential benefits of this research are important at a population level. Unfortunately, high-fiber supplements have also been shown in a few studies to be associated with gastrointestinal blockage (which can be life-threatening) and reduced nutrient absorption, which may lead to anemia, osteoporosis, and other debilitating chronic diseases. The supplements may also reduce absorption of certain medications and cause gastrointestinal distress. The potential side effects of continuous high-fiber supplementation are only partially understood, and long-term effects are unknown.
Post your initial response to at least two of the following questions:
1. What are the potential risks and benefits to be considered when designing this study?
2. When the side effects and long-term effects of a potential preventive measure are largely unknown, is it ethical to expose participants to these risks? Why or why not?
3. Is it ethical to deny the possible prevention benefits of high-fiber supplements to persons in the placebo group? Why or why not?
4. Do the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks to the participants and to society? Why or why not?

Introduction to Communications, Marketing, and Public Relations for Public Health Leaders

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PUBLIC HEALTH
TITLE: HEALTH COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS
To begin developing a campaign, first identify a public health issue which you are interested in. Then research the public health issue to determine whether it is actually a critical issue. For example, if you want to help reduce drug use among urban youth, you need to investigate whether this is a critical issue among that group or if there are other more pressing issues. Research is an essential component to building an effective public health campaign. You must also consider what marketing strategies you might employ and how you might utilize public relations with your target audience.
For this Discussion, revisit the media titled “Introduction to Communications, Marketing, and Public Relations for Public Health Leaders”. Consider the steps needed to create a public health campaign for the public health issue that interests you. In addition, review the article “Farmers sun exposure, skin protection, and public health campaigns: An Australian Perspective” and pay particular attention to the steps taken to develop this campaign. Finally, review the media titled “Introduction to Communications, Marketing, and Public Relations for Public Health Leaders” and think about how communication of public health issues is vital to the role of a public health leader.

Develop a 1000-word Discussion post that addresses the following:
1) Identify a public health issue for which you are interested in developing a public health campaign.
2) Explain why this issue warrants a public health campaign.
3) Identify a key element of health communication that is essential for a public health leader, in particular a leader who wishes to address the issue you have selected.
4) Describe one potential challenge of developing a campaign for your public health issue and explain one way you might address the challenge.

Public Health Disasters & Preparedness

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Public Health Disasters & Preparedness     Read through the emergency disasters below. Select one of these scenarios and then complete the following steps:

Scenario No. 1: “Dragon/Volcano Emergency Response”
Scenario No. 2: “Vaccine Gone Awry Emergency Response”
Scenario No. 3: “Tornado Scenario”
Scenario No. 4: “Tropical Cyclone and Flooding”
Scenario No. 5: “Zombie Apocalypse”

Imagine you are the director of FEMA using NIMS when this disaster occurs.

Develop a PSA (using either Screencast or video) that informs the  population of what will be done to resolve the issue. Address these  elements in your video:

Describe the nature of the situation.
Explain what FEMA and others are doing to mitigate the situation.
Explain what people need to do to stay safe and/or to get help in order to reduce panic.

Your vocal tone should be one that is meant to reduce panic and provide a solid explanation of the above elements.
Copy and paste the URL to your video or screencast within your  discussion forum response. If you are unable to create a YouTube video  for this discussion, you may use a screencast program. However, you do  not need to develop a PowerPoint presentation. This discussion is meant  to assess your communication abilities, therefore, the audio portion of  the video and/or screencast is essential. If you elect to use the  screencast option, you may simply use a picture of yourself reporting  the above information in lieu of a PowerPoint.

Questions to think about while formulating your response to the public:

What are the issues you will address first?
Which organization is responsible for what? Where will you allocate your resources?
What public health concerns are the results of each of these events?
Which populations might be most at risk?
What are some of the long-term health effects of these events?
What other health concerns may arise from these events?
What will you say to the people, who are desperately awaiting your direction?

Scenario Response Due by Day 7: Imagine that you are  the recipient of the public announcement made by your classmates. In  responding to at least two classmates who used a different scenario than  you, explain how you would respond and react to your classmates’ public  announcement. Do you believe your needs were covered in what the FEMA  director stated? What would you do or say differently?