o these theories or models apply to female coaches as well?

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Several theories and models of leadership are discussed in Chapter 12 of Anshel’s Sport Psychology (see pages 241–249). Given the sport, or sports, with which you are most familiar, which theory or model makes the most sense to you and why? Do these theories or models apply to female coaches as well? Would this theory or model apply equally to individual and team sports? Why or why not?

What is human trafficing?

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What is human trafficing?

This essay should be between 900 and 1000 words, excluding the required annotated bibliography.

The Toulmin essay will help you practice what you have learned so far in this course. First, you will choose a topic of interest. Make sure that you choose a topic with two opposing sides. Then, you need to research that topic in order to specify the topic’s scope, so it can be easily discussed in 1000 word essay. For example, you may be interested in learning more about traffic issues in the United States. However, that topic is too large to cover in a 1000 word essay. After researching peer reviewed articles that discuss US traffic issues in general, you may discover that the metro system in the District of Columbia is underfunded and underutilized.  Through your research, you found that you could make a claim that more funds should be made available in order to upgrade the metro system, which would improve traffic issues in the District of Columbia. This would make for a stronger, specific argument.

This essay must include a minimum of five sources.  Three should be peer-reviewed sources, preferably from the APUS databases. From the library welcome page, click on Advanced Search at the bottom of the page and then check the “peer reviewed” sources box filter.

Note: Consider your audience as laymen in the field with only general knowledge of your topic.

Make sure to include the following sections in your essay:

an introduction and claim,

background,

body,

and a conclusion.

Within the body of your essay, make sure to include the following in any order:

support for your claim,

opposing or alternate views,

the strengths and weaknesses of your opponents’ claims,

and your rebuttals of their claims.

After you have written your essay, please make sure to revise the content of your essay. Lastly, be sure to edit your essay by checking grammar, format, and smaller technical details. Please make sure your essay is written in third person.

The Annotated Bibliography

An annotated Bibliography (AB) is due with your Toulmin essay. Using the MLA guide, list each source as it will appear on the Works Cited page of your essay. Summarize each source in two or three grammatically-correct  sentences. These short summaries are the “annotations.”

The following is a sample of an “annotated bibliography.”

Annotated Bibliography (Centered)

Clark, Irene L. The Genre of Argument. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1998. Prin

Personality psychology

Imagine you have been asked to write a research-based blog post for a human resource management website.

Write a 800- to 1,050-word blog post that includes the following:

  • Discuss one of the major personality theories and how this theory is used to conduct assessment.
  • Discuss what stood out to you about personality assessment practices.
  • Reflect on current research trends that utilize this information and how the interpretation of these findings may vary across cultures.
  • Create three insightful questions based on the readings that your audience may also be wondering, and provide responses from the research you have reviewed in relation to this topic.

Include a minimum of three credible, peer-reviewed sources in the blog post.

Format the citations in your blog post consistent with APA guidelines.

Define stress, stressors, and coping strategies, and contemplate their relationship to health and wellness.

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In this assignment, you will review your current level of adjustment.

Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:

  1. Reflect on how well you are:
    1. adjusting to your life in terms of subjective well-being, diversity, contexts, and / or thinking critically.
    2. balancing your priorities, specifically with home, work, school, recreation, and / or family.
    3. developing your identity, specifically self-esteem, self-concept, ethnicity, and / or gender.
    4. coping with stress, specifically social support, multiple coping strategies, and / or self-control.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; Since the only resources you will be using for this assignment are the article and your textbook, you need not include a reference page. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Define psychology and psychological adjustment.
  • Identify contextual variables (e.g., culture) that impact psychological adjustment.
  • Describe self-concept, self-esteem, and identity.
  • Define stress, stressors, and coping strategies, and contemplate their relationship to health and wellness.
  • Use critical thinking skills to reflect on personal experiences with adjustment and identify new strategies for personal growth.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in psychology.
  • Write clearly and concisely about psychology using proper writing mechanics.

The Biological Basis of Abnormal Behavior

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10. Disorders and Recovery

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The Biological Basis of Abnormal Behavior

Long ago, stress was triggered by diseases, injury, and starvation. Today’s stressors also include loss of status, bereavement, competition and loneliness, as well as joyful challenges like weddings and travel. Their effects are additive in that one stressor like overcrowding will reduce our resistance to another, such as a cold virus. When resistance succeeds, our stress diminishes; when we fail, our behavior may become abnormal.

Childhood trauma and wartime stress are risk factors for drug addiction and psychological disorders. You can get an idea of how it works in this short video or here and there.

In people whose genes make them vulnerable, stress may trigger schizophrenia or depression. It fosters addiction.

How Did It Start?

Stress may be physical, like a burn, or mental, like anxiety. In either case, stress causes the release of molecules called cytokines that may promote inflammation (or dive into this long account). Inflammation helps us to fight off infection, but in the brain it may lead tomental illness. So now we have so-called “cytokine hypotheses” to explain both schizophrenia and depression. If inflammation triggers mental illness, we have established links (more here) from our genes to body chemistry to inflammation to schizophrenia anddepression.

People vary in handling stress, but we all share a way to resist, called resilience. We can try to be tougher, humbler, and more mindful, immersing ourselves in wildness.

For resilience we’re stuck with the genes we have, but the brain and the immune system can change!

Our responses to stress are influenced by our genes, but a genetic influence does not mean that there is a single gene for schizophrenia or depression or addiction. Nevertheless, genes are known to alter our sensitivity to environmental influences. In turn, the environment can sometimes turn genes on and off. A complex set of interactions may result in a disorder like schizophrenia. This leads to a question.

Question

Did psychological disorders arise by evolution? Did addiction evolve? Was depression once an adaptive trait? Or schizophrenia? What does it mean if the mutations that led to mental illnesses occurred before humans existed?

(Your answer will depend on several considerations. First, the causes of behavioral disorders can’t be observed. That’s because the disorders are made up. They are not imaginary, but they are diagnostic categories—psychological constructs—rather than defective “things”. People suffer real pain but may not fit into boxes; the boundaries between one disorder and another reflect clinical opinion about symptoms alone, not causes. Second, some clinicians argue that mental illness cannot be reduced to brain diseases. Serious researchers may consider addiction a choice and not a disease***.

Before you answer, consider that maybe it’s our behavior that was responsible for the evolution. Maybe it’s not just about the genes, after all?)

*This may be changing.

**The evolution of physical disorders is accepted widely and taught in high schools. Mental disorders are trickier and more interesting.

***Simple answers may make you impatient. If you look for answers in the brain you will have plenty of company. Addiction may not be a pursuit of pleasure or an avoidance of pain in the form of negative reinforcement so much as a compulsion. It may be not a liking but a wanting. NIDA Director Nora Volkow and psychologists Robinson and Berridge have suggested that drug stimuli exert such a powerful influence over the behavior of the addict that he or she wants nothing more than the drug. This is called the incentive-salience model. Here’s a quick summary of the view from Volkow and a longer one from Berridge.

The dopaminergic system of reward may be more of a system to focus attention on stimuli that predict reward. An even newer line of investigation is looking at how addicts make decisions, hypothesizing that the crucial problem may be dysfunctional ways of making choices. We should not call addiction a moral failure or even a disease, perhaps. It’s hard to deny that it’s a disorder.