Present a critical review of the past, current and future use of animals in brain research

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Task: Present a critical review of the past, current and future use of animals in brain research. (this is a biological psychology subject)

Remember this critical review needs to be balanced. This means you must provide evidence for your arguments as well as critique the available evidence. Is the evidence you are presenting backed up by other studies? Do some studies show conflicting evidence? Was there an issue with the study conducted that means you need to be careful in interpreting the results? Please use at least 11 recent (last 5 years, i.e. from 2011 onwards) journal articles as references. Book references as well. Additional references will also be expected

Presentation:
1) APA format is required
2) Must be an ACTIVE TONE
3) Must criticise and analyze the material
4) References with of journal articles in doi and not in Indian research
5) NO direct quotes. Must paraphrase and use findings of studies/authors
6) Must compare and oppose findings
7) Must discuss past (history), current and future

This is how it will be graded:

1. Answered the Question
A critical review of the past, current and future use of animals in brain research.
Demonstrated knowledge of four learning outcomes:
A) Understands the foundations of physiological psychology
B) Understands the bases for analysing behaviour in terms of brain mechanisms
C) Understands the bases of some organic disorders and become fluent in describing medical terms for common manifestations of brain dysfunction
D) Understands laboratory methods that involve the research principles used in biological psychology

2. Evidence of Critical Discussion
A) Relevant papers are reviewed, from seminal early works to the latest current developments and are inter-related and build upon each other showing progress to the current state B) Identifies key issues/debate in the literature concisely summarising and discussing them in reference to how they address the essay question
C) Critical examination of methods and findings
D) Demonstrates contextual understanding – historical, societal, cultural, moral and ethical implications

3. Introduction
A) Provides brief background /contextual information and introduces the essay’s topic clearly and concisely
B) Identifies the relevance and importance of topic
C) Identifies the point of view/argument
D) Identifies structure of paper
C) Briefly discusses the conclusion reached

4. Conclusion
A) Provides a synthesis of essay not summary
B) Restates the topic and purpose of the essay
C) Reviews major points presented in the essay
D) Discusses the implications of your conclusion

Hello. the author walks the reader through the topic/issue explaining earlier models /theories and their application —> noting strengths and weaknesses in such theory and or application —> moving on to explain to the reader how another theorist or technological or scientific advancement has now addressed such weaknesses thus explaining the strengths and weaknesses of that model/theory/application, and continues in this manner until contemporary theories and applications are discussed. The author then discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of affairs and identifies future direction for research or advancement in theory and application.

This is what has/ has/not been done:

The future direction for research or advancements and in theory and application was not discussed. It was mentioned that future animal research is likely to continue but there needs to be more discussion around future research/advancements and application and what neuroscience and the future holds either with or without animals. Also the paper needs to discuss each study/model/theory and its application and their weakness and strengths and if other studies support or refute it.

The conclusions and limitations needs to be discussed and the history of brain research and the laboratory methods used. Current laboratory methods and findings. It skims over the actual methods used and their weakness or strengths of each study.

Here again is what it will be marked on:

1. Answered the Question
A critical review of the past, current and future use of animals in brain research.
Demonstrated knowledge of four learning outcomes:
Understands the foundations of physiological psychology
Understands the bases for analysing behaviour in terms of brain mechanisms
Understands the bases of some organic disorders and become fluent in describing medical terms for common manifestations of brain dysfunction
Understands laboratory methods that involve the research principles used in biological psychology
2. Evidence of Critical Discussion Relevant papers are reviewed, from seminal early works to the latest current developments and are inter-related and build upon each other showing progress to the current state Identifies key issues/debate in the literature concisely summarising and discussing them in reference to how they address the essay question
Critical examination of methods and findings
Demonstrates contextual understanding – historical, societal, cultural, moral and ethical implications
3. Introduction
Provides brief background /contextual information and introduces the essay’s topic clearly and concisely Identifies the relevance and importance of topic Identifies your point of view/argument Identifies structure of paper Briefly discusses the conclusion you will reach
4. Conclusion
Provides a synthesis of essay not summary Restates the topic and purpose of the essay Reviews major points presented in the essay Discusses the implications of your conclusion

Discuss whether you would incorporate new research published (from your evidence table to answer your PICOT question) after the practice guideline to your treatment plan for this patient, or not and why.

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This is the grading rubric for the research paper based on the PICOT question. You may alter PICOT question if needed.

Purpose: To incorporate theory and other evidenced based practice evidence using a patient experience (case study). This assignment is designed to help you identify a patient issue or advanced nursing practice problem using a case study to communicate in writing the application of valid evidence (research and theory) to clinical practice to improve patient outcomes. You will be completing a literature review, critiquing research articles to develop an evidence table for your paper, evaluating available evidence that can be applied to your advanced nursing practice, gaps in research and implementing evidence into your anticipated role after graduation. Although you will be doing all of these activities to write your paper, you summarize in your paper your findings, not about all the details related to the activities you completed to write your paper.

Body of paper: Length is required to be between 10 and 12 pages double spaced (not including title, abstract, appendix and reference pages). Any additional pages added to the body of the paper, after page 12 will not be included in the grading process using the rubric below. The paper should be in APA 6th edition format, except the title page (use the sample posted on Blackboard).Use Times New Roman and 12 point font. (100 points)

Elements must include but are not limited to:
o (10 points) APA Format and Grammar (Don’t forget about the graduate writing center through RAGE/GROWL)
Ø Abstract: Get the reader’s attention. May use etiology, epidemiology, etc. to stress the importance of the topic in 200 words or less. See the APA manual for description of abstract content
Ø Reference (In text and reference page), see APA manual for order of paper, proper citation and plagiarism information

o (10 points) Introduction
Ø Summarize direction of your paper, don’t repeat Abstract but add more detail related to the background and significance of the problem for related patient population and/or APN role perspective (eg. mortality rate or prevalence epidemiology in the US). Include why the topic is important to the APN, patient, healthcare, economics, family genetics, etc)
Ø Include your PICOT question/statement: Write in a sentence format. Label each letter with parentheses after each section Problem or/Population (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O), Time (T). Case Study up to four short sentences Giving a clear example of the population- who would be affected by this problem? Be Specific to the most common gender, age group, may include diagnosis, intervention, comparison (specific or class of medications) — depending on topic and PICOT, and time frame.

o (25 Points) Review of medical topic
Ø Case Study (Concise): List all the significant history, cc, etc.- not all the normal information unless significant for the case to rule out differential diagnoses (The case study should be one to two paragraphs in length). This is different than what you would document in a patient chart. This is a summary of a clear example of the population- who would be affected by this problem? Be Specific to the most common gender, age group, may include diagnosis, intervention, comparison (specific or class of medications) — depending on topic and PICOT, and time frame.

o (35 Points) Review of Literature and Research
Current research review (<5 years old)
Ø Include a Practice guideline for your topic or a Systematic Review and a minimum of 2 peer reviewed articles to answer your PICOT statement/question. All should be referenced and (concise) summarized. You will complete a critical analysis to decide if the findings were significant but all the details from the critical analysis (use the tools from your Melnyk textbook) will not be included in your paper. Only use the most relevant evidence and statistical tests with values related to your case study and PICOT question in your paper and evidence table.
Ø Evidence Table minimum elements that should be present include: author, year, study design, number of subjects, methodology, significant findings or pertinent insignificant findings with associated statistical tests and their values
Ø Discuss research gaps and their limitations or barriers to applying evidence to Advanced Practice Nursing and/ or gaps in practice, if the evidence is available but not being applied in practice

o (10 Points) Relevance and Implications for APN
Describe the relevance for your practice as an APN in reference to your case study support your evidence-based decision making processes with the practice guideline and other research listed in your evidence table to develop a patient centered treatment plan. (Use the NP core competencies and practice guidelines to help you).
Ø Discuss whether you would incorporate new research published (from your evidence table to answer your PICOT question) after the practice guideline to your treatment plan for this patient, or not and why.
Ø Evidence-based treatment plan for the patient in your case study (Use your practice guideline and any significant research to develop your brief plan. Suggested significant (concise) applicable elements that may be included are: psychosocial, cultural, genetic/genomics, assessment, co-morbidities, differential diagnoses, pharmacological, holistic approaches such as alternative medicine treatments (including CAM) treatments, interprofessional collaboration.
Ø Application of Theory or conceptual model –List the name of the theorist or authors if you use a conceptual framework model. Apply the concepts to the patient in your case study. In order to receive full credit you must demonstrate your understanding of how to apply the theory or conceptual model specifically to the patient in the case study you developed in an APN role

o (10 Points) Summary/Conclusion- Case and Implications
Ø Application of best evidence to improve patient outcomes using research, theory in an Advanced Nursing Practice role (make sure it is within your scope of practice or be clear what your role would be related to the PICOT statement and Case Study). Don’t repeat the abstract or all the details in the body of your paper but summarize the most important points in your paper that you want the reader to remember about the patient, evidence available , gaps in research, theory and your role as the APN to answer your PICOT question. Use in text referencing to support your summary with evidence (research and theory) for the most significant variables related to your PICOT question and case study including supporting statistical test and values using your APA manual.

Greta Balodis

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Case Study 2 – Greta Balodis
One of Greta’s close friends from the Latvian club has a daughter who is a second year student nurse. Greta has asked if you can explain the pathophysiology of a Cerebro Vascular Accident (stroke) and how it affects the central nervous system to her friend’s daughter, as she doesn’t understand and has an exam approaching. Greta has given her permission for you to use her as an example. Please explain the pathophysiology of a Cerebro Vascular Accident (stroke) and how it affects the central nervous system using the correct medical and nursing terminology.

Clearly links medication, A&P, pathophysiology, context, and theory together.
– Detail description as to why the medication is being given to the case world patient.
– Linking pharmacology to multiple parts of practice:
o Infection control
o Safety
o Cultural awareness
o Nursing considerations

In terms of explaining how exactly a medication is causing Mr Buchanan to be at risk of something, how much detail is necessary in regards to pathophysiology?

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1-Australian Medical Association. (2016). Australian medicines handbook. Adelaide, SA: Author.

2-Broyles, B., Reiss, B., Evans, M., McKenzie, G., Pleunik, S., & Page, R. (2013). Pharmacology in nursing (A&NZ
ed.). South Melbourne: Cengage.

3- journal academic reference ( peer reviewed)

)(These some disscussion some of the student with the lecturer
so it is as question and the lecturer answer
Q1-I’m just wondering with question one, when identifying a risk, does it just need to be the risk, or can I write ‘drug induced……’ and then the risk? for example ‘drug induced liver failure

Q2- In terms of explaining how exactly a medication is causing Mr Buchanan to be at risk of something, how much detail is necessary in regards to pathophysiology?

For example, if the renin-angiotensin mechanism is mentioned, should we breifly explain how it works so that we can then expand on how the medication is affecting that specifically? Or can we assume our reader will know the basics of the renin-angiotensin system to understand the connection between that and a certain medication and the risk?

Q3-Just wondering if we are required or suggested to go into the pharmacology of any potential medication interactions? or do we just discuss the risk (what is is etc) and provide a brief explannation of each to equate to 600 words?