Identify the primary and secondary stabilisers of the coxofemoral joint in the
dog. Differentiate the structures that must be disrupted to permit craniodorsal
luxation

1. A one-year-old castrated male Labrador retriever is referred to your practice 24 hours
after being in a motor vehicle accident. He has already had appropriate emergency
diagnostics and initial treatment at the referring veterinary clinic. He has been
diagnosed with a unilateral craniodorsal hip luxation.
Answer all parts of this question:
a) Identify the primary and secondary stabilisers of the coxofemoral joint in the
dog. Differentiate the structures that must be disrupted to permit craniodorsal
luxation and briefly describe the mechanical forces applied to the coxofemoral
joint to result in craniodorsal luxation. (10 marks)
b) List the indications for open or closed reduction of the coxofemoral joint as a
definitive treatment for craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in a dog. (5 marks)
c) Compare and contrast two (2) accepted surgical techniques for the management
of canine craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation. The technique, complication rate
and clinical outcome should be discussed in your answer and references
provided, where appropriate. (12 marks)
d) Transarticular pinning has been described as an open technique for stabilising
coxofemoral luxations in dogs and cats. Describe the technique and give
three (3) advantages and three (3) disadvantages of the technique. Cite
references to support your statements. (10 marks)
e) Describe risk factors for hip luxation after total hip replacement. (8 marks)
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Small Animal Surgery Paper 2 Page 3 of 4
2. A seven-year-old male entire Pug presents with acute collapse, dyspnoea and
cyanosis. The dog has a history of chronic, intermittent regurgitation.
Answer all parts of this question:
a) Describe the recommended acute management of this patient. (7 marks)
b) List anatomic and physiologic abnormalities described in association with
brachycephalic airway syndrome, providing references to the literature, where
appropriate. (13 marks)
c) Discuss surgical management options of brachycephalic airway syndrome, the
proposed mechanism of these procedures, and the associated prognosis.
(16 marks)
d) Describe, with the aid of diagrams, if needed, the classification of hiatal hernias.
(4 marks)
e) Discuss treatment options and the prognosis for management of hiatal hernias in
dogs affected by brachycephalic airway syndrome. (5 marks)
3. A six-year-old female, spayed Dachshund presents with an acute inability to use its
hind limbs. Nociception is absent to the digits of the hindlimbs and tail.
Neuroanatomical localisation indicates a myelopathy affecting the T3-L3
neuroanatomic segment.
Answer all parts of this question:
a) List differential diagnoses for this dog and state your most likely diagnosis.
(3 marks)
b) Describe and justify your recommended initial assessment and management of
this case. (15 marks)
c) With reference to the literature, discuss the diagnostic investigation of this dog’s
clinical signs and provide prognostic factors, where appropriate. (15 marks)
d) List and discuss the evidence for the surgical therapies available for treatment of
the most likely differential diagnosis in this case. (12 marks)
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Small Animal Surgery Paper 2 Page 4 of 4
4. A six-year-old male Golden Retriever presents with a rapidly enlarging, soft,
fluctuant, adherent mass on the right forelimb, just proximal to the radiocarpal joint.
He has no other detectable comorbidities. Fine needle aspirate identifies a spindle-cell
tumour.
Answer all parts of this question:
a) List the possible differential diagnoses. (4 marks)
b) List the common biological characteristics of the group of tumours classified as
soft tissue sarcomas. (4 marks)
c) Histopathological results from an incisional biopsy have confirmed a grade 3
soft tissue sarcoma. Describe the possible treatment options for this patient.
Discuss the reported success of each of these treatment options. (12 marks)
d) Surgical excision of this sarcoma has resulted in incomplete margins on
histopathology. Discuss the clinical factors reported to affect the local recurrence
of soft tissue sarcomas after surgical excision. (15 marks)
e) A one-year-old Burmese cat presents with a vaccine-associated sarcoma in the
interscapular region. The mass has undergone previous excisional biopsy.
Discuss curative intent surgery of this disease in this location. (10 marks)

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