Compare these tissue samples to those found in EXERCISE 4 TISSUES.

Chapter 4:
Tissues

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© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tissues

  • Types of tissues
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Membranes
  • Muscular tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Tissue repair: restoring homeostasis
  • Aging and tissues

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© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Tissues

A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually has a similar embryological origin and is specialized for a particular function.

 

The various tissues of the body are classified into four basic types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.

 

Epithelial tissue (eṕ-i-THĒ-lē-al) covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); and forms glands.

Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity.

Muscular tissue generates the physical force needed to make body structures move.

Nervous tissue detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis.

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

The general types of epithelial tissue (epithelium) include covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium. Epithelium has the following general characteristics: It consists mostly of cells with little extracellular material, is arranged in sheets, is attached to connective tissue by a basement membrane, is avascular (no blood vessels), has a nerve supply, and can replace itself.

 

Epithelial layers can be simple (one layer) or stratified (several layers). The cell shapes may be squamous (flat), cuboidal (cubelike), columnar (rectangular), or transitional (variable).

 

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells (Table 4.1A). It is found in parts of the body where filtration or diffusion are priority processes. One type, endothelium, lines the heart and blood vessels. Another type, mesothelium, forms the serous membranes that line the thoracic and abdominal cavities and cover the organs within them.

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Epithelial Tissue

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells that function in secretion and absorption (Table 4.1B). It is found covering the ovaries, in the kidneys and eyes, and lining some glandular ducts.

 

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of nonciliated rectangular cells (Table 4.1C). It lines most of the gastrointestinal tract. Specialized cells containing microvilli perform absorption. Goblet cells secrete mucus.

 

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of ciliated rectangular cells (Table 4.1D). It is found in a few portions of the upper respiratory tract, where it moves foreign particles trapped in mucus out of the respiratory tract.

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Epithelial Tissue

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium has only one layer but gives the appearance of many (Table 4.1E). The ciliated variety moves mucus in the respiratory tract. The nonciliated variety functions in absorption and protection.

 

Stratified squamous epithelium consists of several layers of cells; cells in the apical layer and several layers deep to it are flat (Table 4.1F). It is protective. A nonkeratinized variety lines the mouth; a keratinized variety forms the epidermis, the most superficial layer of the skin.

 

Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of several layers of cells; cells in the apical layer are cubeshaped (Table 4.1G). It is found in adult sweat glands and a portion of the male urethra. It protects and provides limited secretion and absorption.

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Epithelial Tissue

Stratified columnar epithelium consists of several layers of cells; cells in the apical layer are column-shaped (Table 4.1H). It is found in a portion of the male urethra and large excretory ducts of some glands. It functions in protection and secretion.

 

Transitional epithelium consists of several layers of cells whose appearance varies with the degree of stretching (Table 4.1I). It lines the urinary bladder.

 

A gland is a single cell or a group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood (Table 4.2A). Exocrine glands (mucous, sweat, oil, and digestive glands) secrete into ducts or directly onto a free surface (Table 4.2B).

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Anatomy Overview:

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  • Epithelial Tissues

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Connective Tissue

Connective tissue, one of the most abundant body tissues, consists of cells and an extracellular matrix of ground substance and fibers; it has abundant matrix with relatively few cells. It does not usually occur on free surfaces, has a nerve supply (except for cartilage), and is highly vascular (except for cartilage, tendons, and ligaments).

 

Cells in connective tissue include fibroblasts (secrete matrix), macrophages (perform phagocytosis), plasma cells (secrete antibodies), mast cells (produce histamine), and adipocytes (store fat).

 

The ground substance and fibers make up the extracellular matrix. The ground substance supports and binds cells together, provides a medium for the exchange of materials, and is active in influencing cell functions.

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Connective Tissue

The fibers in the extracellular matrix provide strength and support and are of three types:

  • collagen fibers (composed of collagen) are found in large amounts in bone, tendons, and ligaments
  • elastic fibers (composed of elastin, fibrillin, and other glycoproteins) are found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lungs
  • reticular fibers (composed of collagen and glycoprotein) are found around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle cell.

 

Connective tissue is subdivided into loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and liquid connective tissue (blood tissue and lymph).

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Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue includes areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular connective tissue. Areolar connective tissue consists of the three types of fibers, several cells, and a semifluid ground substance (Table 4.3A). It is found in the subcutaneous layer; in mucous membranes; and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs.

 

Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, which store triglycerides (Table 4.3B). It is found in the subcutaneous layer, around organs, and in the yellow bone marrow. Reticular connective tissue consists of reticular fibers and reticular cells and is found in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes (Table 4.3C).

 

Dense connective tissue includes dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue. Dense regular connective tissue consists of parallel bundles of collagen fibers and fibroblasts (Table 4.4A). It forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses.

 

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Connective Tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue consists of usually randomly arranged collagen fibers and a few fibroblasts (Table 4.4B). It is found in fasciae, the dermis of skin, and membrane capsules around organs. Elastic connective tissue consists of branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts (Table 4.4C). It is found in the walls of large arteries, lungs, trachea, and bronchial tubes.

 

Cartilage contains chondrocytes and has a rubbery matrix (chondroitin sulfate) containing collagen and elastic fibers. Hyaline cartilage is found in the embryonic skeleton, at the ends of bones, in the nose, and in respiratory structures (Table 4.5A). It is flexible, allows movement, and provides support.

 

Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci (cartilage pads) of the knee joint (Table 4.5B). Elastic cartilage maintains the shape of organs such as the epiglottis of the larynx, auditory (eustachian) tubes, and external ear (Table 4.5C).

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Connective Tissue

Bone or osseous tissue supports, protects, helps provide movement, stores minerals, and houses blood-forming tissue.

 

Blood tissue is liquid connective tissue that consists of blood plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. Its cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, carry on phagocytosis, participate in allergic reactions, provide immunity, and bring about blood clotting.

 

Lymph, the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels, is also a liquid connective tissue. It is a clear fluid similar to blood plasma but with less protein.

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Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue

Because of the diversity of cells and extracellular matrix and the differences in their relative proportions, the classification of connective tissues is not always clear-cut. We offer the following scheme:

I. Loose connective tissue

  • Areolar connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Reticular connective tissue

II. Dense connective tissue

  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue

III. Cartilage

  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage

IV. Bone tissue

V. Liquid connective tissue (blood tissue and lymph)

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Loose Connective Tissue

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Loose Connective Tissue

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Loose Connective Tissue

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Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue – Cartilage

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Connective Tissue – Cartilage

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Connective Tissue – Cartilage

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Anatomy Overview:

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  • Connective Tissues

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Membranes

An epithelial membrane consists of an epithelial layer overlying a connective tissue layer. Examples are mucous membranes, serous membranes, and synovial membranes.

 

Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the exterior, such as the gastrointestinal tract.

 

Serous membranes line closed cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) and cover the organs in the cavities. These membranes consist of a parietal layer and a visceral layer.

 

Synovial membranes line joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths. They consist of areolar connective tissue and do not have an epithelial layer.

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Membranes

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Muscular Tissue

Muscular tissue consists of cells (called muscle fibers) that are specialized for contraction. It provides motion, maintenance of posture, heat production, and protection.

 

Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones, cardiac muscle tissue forms most of the heart wall, and smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels and viscera).

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Anatomy Overview:

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  • Muscle Tissue

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Nervous Tissue

The nervous system is composed of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (protective and supporting cells).

 

Neurons are sensitive to stimuli, convert stimuli into nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses.

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Anatomy Overview:

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  • Nervous Tissue

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Tissue Repair – Restoring Homeostasis

Tissue repair is the replacement of worn-out, damaged, or dead cells by healthy ones.

 

Stem cells may divide to replace lost or damaged cells. The formation of scar tissue is called fibrosis.

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Aging and Tissues

Tissues heal faster and leave less obvious scars in the young than in the aged; surgery performed on fetuses leaves no scars.

 

The extracellular components of tissues, such as collagen and elastic fibers, also change with age.

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End of Chapter 4

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Nutrition Research Paper Outline

See the attachment Below.

Submit an outline for your research paper.

I. Background

The research paper outline is perhaps one of the most significant tools you can create in preparation for writing your research paper. A commonly under-rated aspect of creating an outline is that this exact exercise forces you to articulate your paper’s arguments, your paper’s key points and main ideas, and the overall organization of your work. By the time you are done creating your outline you will have an artifact, a reference document which will highlight your papers argument and how you intend to build out that argument throughout the overall arc and trajectory of your research paper.

II. What to Do

Your outline will have three core elements:

  • Thesis Statement: This should be at the top and beginning of your outline
  • Abstract: A brief paragraph that describes your research paper and its contribution and purpose
  • Outline: the outline should consist of
    • 4-5 major points that support your thesis. Each of these key points will be addressed in the body of your essay
    • 3-5 supporting ideas or sub-points for each major point
    • Sources: Each major point should conclude with a line that either references a source you will use to support that major point or that identifies a source you will need to help support that major point

III. Concluding Thoughts

In short, the grader should be able to look at your outline, see your paper’s argument, and then see in the outline how you intend to develop and support that argument throughout the body of your research paper

Research Paper – Citation Log Submission – NTR110 W3 Paper Citation Log Sub.

 

Begin your works cited page by submitting at least five (5) credible resources for your research paper topic in APA format, expanding upon the resources mentioned in your paper topic proposal submission. Use the Purdue Online Writing Lab (owl.purdue.edu) for guidelines on specific APA formatting instructions.

Format for each citation listed in research paper log:

-Your Source Cited at the Top in APA Manual of Style-

AND THEN A PARAGRAPH DISCUSSING THE SOURCE COMPOSED OF THREE (3) PARTS

I. A summary of the source and its overall argument:

· What is the author’s thesis in the piece? (Make sure you give the source’s actual argument, not just its topic.) How does the author go about supporting this message or main point? Can you identify the critical approach the writer takes? (meaning, is he/she relying on scientific information, a political argument, personal anecdote, etc). If the source does not contain an argument, make sure you identify and convey the source’s key points and main ideas in your annotation.

II. Some description of the critical source’s credibility–this section should not be as lengthy as the other two sections)

· It is a reputable source or site and how can you tell? What is the publisher or organization behind it and may they have any kind of bias or angle? Who is the intended audience? Is the article published in a journal or newspaper (if you used Google News, Scholar) or an academic book? (such as through Google Books)

· What do you know about the work’s author? Is there a brief bio near the article or can you do a search on the author’s name to see his/her background? What is his/her credentials (expert how? degrees, experience?). No need to lengthily elaborate upon this in your annotations but addressing the scholars background is helpful.

· Does anything about the source seem less credible or reputable? (is it on a site that is not academic, is it surrounded by ads or unsavory photos? Is it written in a style that is more casual or with errors, or does it merely rely on opinion?)

III. An evaluation and critique of the source: What do you think of this piece of research? What are its strengths and weaknesses? How does it add to your understanding of your topic? How useful is this source overall? Be specific. Remember that “it is interesting” or “this gives me good information” without elaboration is not specific enough. You want to be clear how this particular source connects to your work and would be essential to your paper and provides something that other sources do not.

An example paragraph to illustrate proper form:

[APA citation goes here]

In her sprawling work, historian Joanne Rappaport further complicates the already complex nature of socioracial classifications in Latin America. In opting to foreground mestizaje—as opposed to other studies which foreground the nature of Africanness or indigenity in their examinations—Joanne Rappaport highlights how understandings of “the Mestizo” are problematic, as they focus on “who was a mestizo” and “what was a mestizo” instead of the process in which mestizos were identified and named.  By challenging current historical understandings regarding racial classification in Latin America, Rappaport is able to further establish the colonial markers used to classify diversity and race in Latin America, and in doing so, challenges historians to ask new questions about race, parentage, classification, caste, and exclusion in Latin America. As a result, this work could be of vitally significant use to any scholar, writer, or student seeking to further complicate the socioracial classifications in Latin America and could be of special use for anyone who wishes to use Rappaport’s insights as a lens to shed new light on existing primary sources or secondary materials.

The Research Paper – Citation Log guidelines/grading criteria can be found in the Grading Rubrics booklet.

Membranes Are Essential Components Of All Cells.Membranes are essential components of all cells. Briefly describe the structure of a eukaryotic plasma membrane, identifying at least two component macromolecules and describing what their basic function is within the membrane. The plasma membrane protects the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in, while keeping other substances out. Summarize the manner in which small molecules are permitted to pass through the membrane ensuring you explain the difference between passive, facilitated, active, and coupled transport by comparing and contrasting them. Finally, explain the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis and provide an example of a molecule (remembering to state its function) that is transferred using this method. NOTE Your written assignment should be submitted in a Word document (or similar program) and should be at least 2-3 pages in length, double-spaced with 1-inch margins, and written in Times New Roman size 12 font. You should provide a word count at the end of your written assignment. Cite any reference(s) you use in the preparation of your essay using proper APA format.

Membranes are essential components of all cells.

  • Briefly describe the structure of a eukaryotic plasma membrane,  identifying at least two component macromolecules and describing what  their basic function is within the membrane.

The plasma membrane protects the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in, while keeping other substances out.

  • Summarize the manner in which small molecules are permitted to  pass through the membrane ensuring you explain the difference between  passive, facilitated, active, and coupled transport by comparing and  contrasting them.
  • Finally, explain the difference between endocytosis and  exocytosis and provide an example of a molecule (remembering to state  its function) that is transferred using this method.

NOTE

 

Your written assignment should  be submitted in a Word document (or similar program) and should be at  least 2-3 pages in length, double-spaced with 1-inch margins, and  written in Times New Roman size 12 font.  You should provide a word  count at the     end of your written assignment. Cite any reference(s) you use in the  preparation of your essay using proper APA format.

Staphylococcus aureus

QUESTION 1

  1. You are interested in obtaining      Staphylococcus aureus for a study investigating the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the general population. You have received several samples and are ready to start your isolation procedures. Describe the personal protective equipment that would be needed and three different culturing techniques that can be used to obtain organisms to produce pure cultures.

    State if you use general or selective media and which specific media you would choose. How would you determine if the culture was contaminated? What is the first step you would take if you detected contamination?

QUESTION 2

  1. Explain the different stages of syphilis.      (Terminology/topics to include: causative organism (morphology, gram-stain reaction), mode of transmission, chancre, gumma, symptoms, likelihood of infection, treatment options at different stages, the damage that can occur during different stages, prevention methods).

QUESTION 3

  1. List three protozoan infections of the circulatory system that are transmitted by arthropods. Include the disease name, specific organism (genus species), a vector that is the intermediate between hosts, and disease progress in humans.

QUESTION 4

  1. Many types of fruits and vegetables can be fermented into alcoholic beverages.  Such was the case recently when prisoners in Utah attempted to make an illegal beverage called “pruno”;      however, someone added a weeks-old baked potato to the mix, letting a      microbe into the party who was clearly uninvited.  Consumers of the pruno began to develop difficulty swallowing, vomiting, double vision, and muscle weakness; three required ventilation therapy.  No deaths were attributed to the contaminated beverage.

A) What nervous system disease were the prisoners suffering from, and what was the specific organism involved?
B) Based on your knowledge of this disease, what form of treatment was used to successfully avoid the worst outcomes of the disease in these patients?