Lab 6 Global Temperature Pattern

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Question 1: How do the surface temperatures of the countries in the northern latitudes (for example, Canada, Iceland, Norway, and Russia) compare to those of northern Africa (for example, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Sudan)?Question 1 options:

1)

The temperatures are higher in the northern latitudes during summer months when net radiation is higher.

2)

The temperatures are lower in north Africa during the summer months when net radiation is higher in northern latitudes.

3)

Temperatures are lower in northern latitudes year-round.

4)

Temperatures are only lower in the northern latitudes during winter months.

Question 2 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 2: Considering water freezes (or alternatively, melts) at 0°C, determine from the map which countries or landmasses have an annual mean temperature around 0°C.Question 2 options:

1)

Canada and Norway

2)

The United States and the United Kingdom

3)

Greenland and Antarctica

4)

Russia and Antarctica

Question 3 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 3: The heat index on a warm day (86°F or 30°C) when the relative humidity is 50% is:Question 3 options:

1)

87F

2)

90F

3)

31C

4)

33F

Question 4 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 4: Identify three negative impacts of heat islands.Question 4 options:

1)

Increased energy consumption, elevated greenhouse gases, improved water quality

2)

Compromised human health, lower energy consumption, lower water quality

3)

Decreased greenhouse gases, higher energy consumption, compromised human health

4)

Increased greenhouse gases, greater air pollution, increased energy consumption

Question 5 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 5: What is the name of this US county? (You might have to zoom in to see place names.)Question 5 options:

1)

Lasalle

2)

Bureau

3)

Putnam

4)

Marshall

Question 6 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 6: Is the temperature anomaly warmer or colder?Question 6 options:

1)

The anomaly is warmer

2)

The anomaly is colder

3)

There is no anomaly, temperature is the same

4)

Unable to discern

Question 7 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 7: What is the name of the European city?Question 7 options:

1)

Ludres

2)

Frouard

3)

Nancy

4)

Toul

Question 8 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 8: Is the temperature anomaly warmer or colder?

Question 8 options:

1)

The anomaly is generally warmer (warmer trend)

2)

The anomaly is generally colder (colder trend)

3)

No anomaly, temperature is the same

4)

Unable to discern

Question 9 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 9: What is the name of the capital city?Question 9 options:

1)

Windhoek

2)

Okahandja

3)

Pretoria

4)

Khomas

Question 10 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 10: Is the temperature anomaly warmer or colder?Question 10 options:

1)

The anomaly is warmer

2)

The anomaly is colder

3)

There is no anomaly, temperature is the same

4)

Unable to discern

Question 11 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 11: What is the temperature anomaly (in °C)?

Question 11 options:

1)

-12°C

2)

-4°C

3)

4°C

4)

12°C

Question 12 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 12: How does this anomaly compare to the one in January 2011?Question 12 options:

1)

The anomaly is warmer

2)

The anomaly is colder

3)

There is no anomaly, temperature is the same

4)

Unable to discern

Question 13 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 13: Why does the temperature increase in the upper portion of the stratosphere?Question 13 options:

1)

Because long wave radiation is heating the earth’s surface

2)

Because ozone blocks ultra-violet radiation and releases heat

3)

Because clouds are able to trap heat

4)

Because heat is trapped in this portion of the atmosphere

Question 14 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 14: Because temperature increases as altitude increases in the stratosphere, is the environmental lapse rate positive or negative?Question 14 options:

1)

The lapse rate is positive

2)

The lapse rate is negative

3)

The lapse rate is zero

4)

Unable to discern

Question 15 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 15: Why are temperatures in the thermosphere so high?Question 15 options:

1)

Because this layer is closest to the sun

2)

Because of intense solar radiation

3)

Because there are so few molecules

4)

Because of the lack of pollutants

Question 16 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 16: Would it feel hotter on a warm summer day in the thermosphere or the troposphere? (Hint: Think composition!)Question 16 options:

1)

In the thermosphere because temperature reaches over 1000F

2)

In the troposphere because temperature reaches over 1000F

3)

In the thermosphere because of the intense solar radiation

4)

In the troposphere because there are more air molecules to retain heat

Question 17 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 17: The altitude in town N is 1000m and the air temperature is 22°C. What is the air temperature (in°C) at 3000m?Question 17 options:

1)

22°C – (3000m-1000m)*6.4/1000m = 9.2°C

2)

22°C + (3000m-1000m)*6.4/1000m = 34.8°C

3)

22°C – (3000m-1000m)*5.76/1000m = 10.5°C

4)

22°C – (3000m-1000m)*5.76/1000m = 33.5°C

Question 18 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 18: The altitude in town P is 1000m and the air temperature is 18°C. What would be the temperature (in °C) of Town P if it were located instead at 500m?Question 18 options:

1)

18 + (1000m-500m) *6.4/1000m = 21.2°C

2)

18 – (1000m-500m) *6.4/1000m = 14.8°C

3)

18 + (1000m+500m) *6.4/1000m = 27.6°C

4)

18 – (1000m+500m) *6.4/1000m = 9.0°C

Question 19 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 19: Estimate the average monthly daytime temperature in December for this location.Question 19 options:

1)

0°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

25°C

Question 20 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 20: Record the latitude for this location.Question 20 options:

1)

58N

2)

58S

3)

34N

4)

34S

Question 21 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 21: Estimate the average monthly daytime temperature in December for this location.Question 21 options:

1)

0°C

2)

5°C

3)

10°C

4)

25°C

Question 22 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 22: Record the latitude for this location.Question 22 options:

1)

33S

2)

33N

3)

84N

4)

84S

Question 23 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 23: What global-scale factor(s) accounts for the temperature difference between Locations D and E? Check all that apply.

Question 23 options:

A.   Latitude

B.   Axial tilt

C.   Time of day

D.   All of the above

Question 24 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 24: Estimate the average monthly night time December temperature for location F.Question 24 options:

1)

-20°C

2)

0°C

3)

5°C

4)

15°C

Question 25 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 25: Estimate the average monthly night time December temperature for location G.Question 25 options:

1)

-15°C

2)

0°C

3)

5°C

4)

10°C

Question 26 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 23: Account for the temperature difference you recorded for Location F and G. Check all that apply.

Question 26 options:

A.   Latitude

B.   Axial tilt

C.   Time of day

D.   All of the above

Question 27 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 27: What global-scale factor(s) accounts for the temperature difference you recorded between Locations E and F?Question 27 options:

1)

Latitude

2)

Axial tilt

3)

Time of day

4)

All of the above

Question 28 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 28: Estimate the mean monthly July temperature for Location H.Question 28 options:

1)

0°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

25°C

Question 29 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 29: Estimate the average monthly July temperature for Location I.Question 29 options:

1)

0°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

25°C

Question 30 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 30: What of these local-scale factors – continental versus maritime effect, altitude, or urban heat island effect – is most influencing the difference in temperature between Locations H and I?Question 30 options:

1)

Maritime effect

2)

Altitude

3)

Urban heat island

4)

None of the above

Question 31 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 31: Estimate the average monthly July temperature for Location J.Question 31 options:

1)

0°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

30°C

Question 32 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 32: Estimate the average monthly July temperature for Location K.

Question 32 options:

1)

-5°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

45°C

Question 33 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 33: What of these local-scale factors – continental versus maritime effect, altitude, or urban heat island effect – is most influencing the difference in temperature between Locations J and K?Question 33 options:

1)

Maritime effect

2)

Altitude

3)

Urban heat island

4)

None of the above

Question 34 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 34: Estimate the average monthly July temperature for Location L.Question 34 options:

1)

0°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

20°C

Question 35 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 35: Estimate the mean monthly July temperature for Location M.

Question 35 options:

1)

-30°C

2)

5°C

3)

15°C

4)

35°C

Question 36 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenQuestion 36: What of these local-scale factors – continental versus maritime effect, altitude, or urban heat island effect – is most influencing the difference in temperature between Locations L and M?Question 36 options:

1)

Maritime effect

2)

Altitude

3)

Urban heat island

4)

None of the above

Question 37 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 37: What of these local-scale factors – continental versus maritime effect, altitude, or urban heat island effect – would most likely show same trend in average monthly temperature in January as in July? (Hint: Figures 1-3)

Question 37 options:

1)

Maritime effect

2)

Altitude

3)

Urban heat island

4)

None of the above

Question 38 (1 point)

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

Question 38: What of these local-scale factors – continental vs maritime effect, altitude, or urban heat island effect – would likely show an opposite trend in average monthly temperature in January as in July? (Hint: Fig. 1-3)

Question 38 options:

1)

Maritime effect

2)

0Altitude

3)

Urban heat island

4)

None of the above

Astronomy Lab- Exo-Planets

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Big Idea: Planets orbiting other stars have orbital characteristics similar and different to our own solar system of planets orbiting our Sun.

Goal: Students will conduct a structured series of scaffolded scientific inquiries about the nature of observed exoplanets using the Internet sites prescribed, particularly the Exoplanet Data Explorer.

Computer Setup: Access URL http://exoplanets.org/

Needed Resources: Solar System Data Table (below), calculator, and these instructions

 

Phase I: Exploration Part A

This section concerns the planets in our own solar system; Phase II and beyond concerns exoplanets — planets orbiting OTHER STARS

 

 

A histogram is a bar-chart showing the number of objects in a particular category, so it is useful for showing how populations are distributed in a certain characteristic.

 

Consider the research question, “How are characteristics of exoplanets distributed?” Use the SOLAR SYSTEM DATA TABLE and sketch a histogram for each of the following three questions. REQUIRED: Include your actual sketches in your response. You will need to take pictures of your histograms using a camera phone or other digital camera, or else scan them in.

 

 

1.

 

 

 

 

Histogram 1: Distribution of Orbital Distance. Make a histogram showing the number of Planets Closer and Farther than Earth’s Orbital Distance, labeling your axes similar to the first example shown above.

Histogram 2: Distribution of Masses. Make a histogram showing the number of planets with Masses Less than Earth’s Mass and Greater than Earth’s Mass, labeling your axes similar to the second example shown above.

Histogram 3: Distribution of Orbital Periods. Make a histogram showing the number of Planets with orbital periods smaller than Earth’s period (P < PEarth), between Earth’s and Jupiter’s periods (PEarth ≤ PERIOD ≤ PJupiter), and longer than Jupiter’s period (P > PJupiter). (Note: Throughout this lab, “Period” and “Orbital Period” are synonymous.) Label your axes similar to the third example shown above.

 

 

You do not need any additional descriptive text beyond the image of your histograms. All three sketches can be on one page (one file) if you wish.

 

Phase I: Exploration Part B

This section concerns the planets in our own solar system; Phase II and beyond concerns exoplanets — planets orbiting OTHER STARS

 

Consider the research question, “What is the distribution of orbital distances for exoplanets?” A correlation-diagram (or “scatter plot”) is a graph of dots showing how two characteristics, or variables, are related. Use the SOLAR SYSTEM DATA TABLE and sketch a correlation-diagram (graph) for each of the following three descriptions. REQUIRED: Include your actual sketches in your response. You will need to take pictures of your graphs using a camera phone or other digital camera, or else scan them in.

 

 

2.

 

Title: Distance (AU) vs. Period (Years) for Planets Closer than Jupiter (not including Jupiter). (Vertical Y-axis Distance versus Horizontal X-axis Period). Your graph sketch should use the same labeled axes as those depicted in the example:

Title: Distance (AU) vs. Period (Years) for Planets With Orbits Jupiter-sized and larger. (Vertical Y-axis Distance versus Horizontal X-axis Period). Your graph sketch should use the same labeled axes as those depicted in the example:

Title: Distance (AU) vs. Mass (MEarth, which means in units of Earth’s mass) for ALL Solar System Planets. (Vertical Y-axis Distance versus Horizontal X-axis Mass). Your graph sketch should use the same labeled axes as those depicted in the example:

 

Upload all three sketches below (they can all be on the same page / file if you like):

 

Phase I: Exploration Part C

 

Consider the research question, “Which characteristics of exoplanets are most highly correlated with distance?” The notion of correlation is the idea that two characteristics are closely related to one another. IMPORTANT NOTE: CORRELATION IS NOT THE SAME AS CAUSE-AND-EFFECT.

 

3.

One of the two graphs below is Intelligence versus Height and the other is Weight versus Height. In the text box below them, precisely explain your reasoning about why which is which.

 

 

Explanation of why which graph is which:

 

4.

Based on your work above on analyzing the planets of our solar system, which variable, PERIOD or MASS, seems to be more highly correlated to DISTANCE? Explain your reasoning, using any needed labeled sketches, if you like, to illustrate your answer.

 

Phase II – Does the Evidence Match a Given Conclusion?

 

Very Brief Tutorial On Using The Exoplanets Data Explorer Table at http://exoplanets.org/

0) Hovering your mouse over a column header shows an explanation of what each term means. This is true later on, using the “Plot” feature as well.

1) Sorting: Clicking on a column header sorts the data table by that quantity. Clicking it again reverses the order of the sort.

2) Notice that the first column gives the exoplanet’s NAME. Try sorting the table by NAME.

3) The second column is the exoplanet MASS (times a factor called “sin(i)”, which we will ignore because it is small). The MASS of the planet is given in terms of how many times bigger (or smaller) than the mass of our planet Jupiter, mjupiter by default, but you can change the units by clicking on this label and selecting from a drop-down list of alternate units. Try changing the units of mass from ‘mjupiter’ (Jupiter Mass) to ‘mearth’ (Earth Mass), and then back to Jupiter Mass again.

4) The fourth column shows the exoplanet’s Orbital Period, a.k.a. PERIOD. The period is the length of time it takes the planet to go around its central host star once. By default the units are Earth days, but you can change the units by clicking on this label. Try sorting the table from largest to smallest period.

5) The third column shows the SEMI-MAJOR AXIS. This is another name for how far the planet orbits its star, on average. The default units of distance are AU, or Astronomical Unit. IMPORTANT DEFINITION: One AU is the average distance our Earth orbits our Sun.

6) Removing Columns: You can simplify the table by removing columns you don’t want to look at. If you hover your mouse over a column header, you should see a faint red “x” that allows you to remove that column. Try this with “Time of Periastron” as an example. You can always add a column back in after removing it.

7) Adding Columns: You can add columns to the table by clicking the large “+” (plus) sign at the top right of the page. There are many categories to choose from! Add in the column “Date”, as we will be needing it.

 

5.

PART A: Access the Exoplanet Data Explorer [http://exoplanets.org/], “Table” option, and sort and search the data to find a planet that was discovered (published) in 1995 and record data about it here. You will find it helpful to add a First Publication “Date” column to the table! (See the mini-tutorial above for instructions for adding columns.) The units are provided for Mass, but you must fill them in for Period and Semi-Major Axis.

Planet Name:

 

Property number units
Mass   Jupiter masses
Period    
Semi-Major Axis Length    

 

 

 

6.

Is this planet more massive than Earth?

yes

no

 

7.

If so, how many more times more massive? If not, what percentage of Earth’s mass does it have? Enter a number only:

 

PART B: Select “Plot” at the top left, then “Histogram Plot” at the right. Choose Semi-Major Axis as the “Data” to plot. (It’s in the third column, under “Orbit Parameters”.) All confirmed planets to date will be shown by default. Remember that Earth orbits our Sun at a distance of 1 AU and Jupiter orbits at about 5 AU.

 

8.

Click “Add Filter” to see the number of planets (#) under the Statistics After Cut section. How many exoplanets are initially shown in this data set? exoplanets. (Note: the answer you get will depend on the day you do it, as this number is continually updated to reflect the current total.)

 

9.

Clicking “Add Filter” lets you add a criterion to restrict the number of planets appearing on the plot. Under the “+” sign next to the “Filter” text box, choose “Semi-Major Axis”. A[au] should now appear in the box. (“A” is the abbreviation for semi-major axis, and AU are the units.) to the right of this, in the box, type “>10” to restrict the sample to planets whose orbits are larger than 10AU. Notice that the # of planets is now 0, since there are no currently known exoplanets with orbits that large. If you instead change this to “<10” (or erase it entirely), you will see the original number of planets back, because this is no restriction at all.

 

How many of the currently known exoplanets have orbits larger than Jupiter’s orbit about our Sun? exoplanets. (Note: the exact numbers you get may depend on the day you do it, as this database is continually updated to reflect the current known exoplanets.)

 

10.

What is the percentage of currently known exoplanets that have orbits larger than Jupiter’s orbit about our Sun? Your answer should be a number only between 0 and 100: %

 

11.

How many of the currently known exoplanets have orbits smaller than Earth’s orbit about our Sun? exoplanets (Note: the exact numbers you get will depend on the day you do it, as this database is continually updated to reflect the current known exoplanets.)

 

12.

What is the percentage of currently known exoplanets that have orbits smaller than Earth’s orbit about our Sun? Your answer should be a number only between 0 and 100: %

 

 

 

PART C: Click the red “X” next to your filter to remove it. Still using “Histogram Plot”, now choose Orbital Period as the “Data” to plot. All confirmed planets to date will be shown by default. Remember that Earth orbits our Sun once every 365 days and Jupiter orbits once about every 4,300 days.

 

13.

How many exoplanets in total are shown in this particular data set? exoplanets (Again, the exact numbers you get will depend on the day you do it, as this database is continually updated to reflect the current known exoplanets.)

 

14.

What percentage of the planets shown have orbital periods similar to our planet Mercury? Say, <100 days? Your answer should be a number between 0 and 100: %

 

15.

What percentage of the planets shown have orbital periods similar to our planet Venus? Say, <250 days? (Do not include the ones you counted above for Mercury!): %

 

16.

What percentage of the planets shown have orbital periods similar to our planet Earth? Say, <500 days? (Do not include the ones you counted above for Mercury OR Venus!): %

 

17.

What percentage of the planets shown have orbital periods similar to our planet Mars? Your answer should be a number between 0 and 100: %

 

18.

What percentage of the planets shown have orbital periods similar to our planet Jupiter? Your answer should be a number between 0 and 100: %

 

19.

Consider the research question, “How long do exoplanets take to orbit their star?” . If a fellow student proposed a generalization that “most exoplanets discovered take about the same length of time to orbit their star as Earth takes to orbit our Sun,” would you agree or disagree with the generalization based on the evidence you collected by looking at the range of possible orbital periods? Explain your reasoning and describe specific evidence, with sketches if necessary, either from the above tasks or from new evidence you yourself generate using the Exoplanets Data Explorer.

 

Phase III – What Conclusions Can You Draw from This Evidence?

 

What conclusions and generalizations can you make from the data organized using a correlation diagram (a.k.a. “scatter plot”) in terms of how does the size of an exoplanet’s orbit compare to its orbital period? Explain your reasoning and provide specific evidence, with sketches if necessary, to support your reasoning.

Remember, a picture is worth 103 words! Optional: Feel free to create and label sketches or graphs to illustrate your response.

 

EVIDENCE: Select “Scatter Plot” and choose the horizontal X-axis to be Semi-Major Axis (i.e. size of orbit) and the vertical Y-axis to be Orbital Period (i.e. time to complete an orbit). Expand the “Configure Axes” option at the top and try unchecking the “Log” boxes next to both X and Y, which makes the axes linear instead of logarithmic. (You should experiment with both types of axes in any plots that you make. Logarithmic scaling is often better at visually displaying data that are crowded or that cover a large range of values.) Once you have made a scatter plot, you can click and drag the graph around to center on different parts of it. You can zoom in or out on any portion of it by placing your mouse cursor over it and scrolling up or down. If your mouse doesn’t have a scroll wheel, you can always set a Min and Max by hand under Axes Configuration.

 

20.

Evidence-based conclusion:

 

Phase IV – What Evidence Do You Need?

 

Imagine your team has been assigned the task of predicting how far a newly discovered exoplanet would orbit from its central star. Describe precisely what evidence you would need to collect in order to answer the research question of, “If an exoplanet were discovered to have an orbital period of 21 days, what would you predict its semi-major axis orbital distance to be using a correlation diagram / scatter plot?” (This time the orbital period is the “independent”, or X-axis variable, and the semi-major axis of the planet’s orbit would be the “dependent”, or Y-axis variable.) You do not need to actually complete the steps in the procedure you are writing.

 

21.

Create a detailed, step-by-step description of evidence that needs to be collected and a complete explanation of how this could be done – not just “look and see what value it would have”, but exactly what would someone need to do, step-by-step, to accomplish this. You might include a table and sketches – the goal is to be precise and detailed enough that someone else could follow your procedure. Do NOT include generic nonspecific steps such as “analyze data” or “present conclusions” — these are meaningless filler. Be specific!

 

Remember, a picture is worth 103 words! Optional: Feel free to create and label sketches or graphs to illustrate your response. Please follow the instructions for uploading images link found under the “Lessons” tab.

 

Phase V – Formulate a Question, Pursue Evidence, and Justify Your Conclusion

 

Your task is to design an answerable research question, propose a plan to pursue evidence, collect data using the Exoplanets Data Explorer (or another suitable source pre-approved by your instructor), and create an evidence-based conclusion about about the characteristics of known exoplanets that you have not completed before.

 

REQUIRED this time: Create and label sketches, or include your graphs (or sketches of your graphs) to illustrate your response. The Exoplanets Data Explorer has an “Export” button at the top right that will allow you to download your graphs.

 

Research Report:

22.

Specific research question:

 

23.

Step-by-step procedure, with sketches if needed, to collect evidence. (Do NOT include generic nonspecific steps such as “analyze data” or “present conclusions” — these are meaningless filler. Be specific!)

 

24.

Data table and/or results: (include your graph(s) in this section)

 

25.

Evidence-based conclusion statement:

 

Phase VI – Summary

26.

Create a PITHY 50-word summary, in your own words, that describes the nature, frequency, or discovery of exoplanets and systems we have discovered so far. You should cite what you learned from doing each of the phases of this lab, not describe what you have learned in class or elsewhere.

Hair Detectives

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Running Head: FORENSIC ANALYSIS 1

 

2

 

FORENSIC ANALYSIS

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forensic Analysis

Name

Institution

Date

 

Describe Laura’s background:

Laura was an ambitious young woman with a bright future. She graduated from Harvard University and worked for public relations firm in Washington DC.

What did police discover that was peculiar about her bed?

The police detected a mattress pad and a fitted sheet were missing from her bed.

Discuss the path the bloodhound took:

The bloodhound went directly to the tree where the police had found the bloody pillowcase; it followed the scent through the carpark space, through a residential region, and straight to the hind door of Laura’s home.

Was the blood on the found pillow Laura’s?

Yes, it was Laura’s blood type A after being tested it was confirmed that the blood was Laura’s.

What was the name of the chemical that shows the presence of blood?

Luminol is a chemical compound that shows the presence of blood.

Discuss what was found in Laura’s hairbrush?

Synthetic fiber which was recognized as a strand of synthetic hair from a wig was found in Laura’s hairbrush.

 

Discuss the reasons why Hadden Clarke was a suspect:

Hadden Clarke was a suspect because the night after Laura disappeared Warren was at his mother’s home when he saw Clarke driving he attempted to call him to ask if he had seen Laura but he sped away. Besides that Clarke had a dirty record with the police and when they searched his financial record they learned that he had purchased duct tape, nylon cord, and braided rope and he paid for the items with a personal check which had Laura’s name in the memo section the sheets he bought which are the same size as Laura’s matters and the storage room he had rented which were full of women clothes and wigs.

 

What was the part of the plea deal that Hadden Clarke agreed to?

To reveal to the prosecutor where he buried Laura’s body for him to be sentenced with second-degree murder and not first.

“Now with the new technologies that are helping us out, it allows the investigator to have new tools to help find that little tiny bit of evidence that sometimes is there (Medical Detectives – Full Episodes, 2016).

.

 

References

Medical Detectives – Full Episodes. (2016). Medical Detectives (Forensic Files) – Season 3, Ep 9: Beaten by a Hair [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn4ZPXTQpok

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Case 2: Ankle Pain

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In this Discussion, you will consider case studies that describe abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting.

 

 

 

Assigned to one of the following specific case studies for this Discussion. Also, your Discussion post should be in the SOAP Note format, rather than the traditional narrative style Discussion posting format.

 

Case 2: Ankle Pain

 

 

 

A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” She is able to bear weight, but it is uncomfortable. In determining the cause of the ankle pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what foot structures are likely involved? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for ankle pain? What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform? Should you apply the Ottowa ankle rules to determine if you need additional testing?  SEE ATTACHMENT FOR THE ANKLE  X-RAY.

 

 

 

To prepare:

 

With regard to the case study you were assigned:

 

•Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study.

 

•Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study you were assigned.

 

•Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

 

•Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient.

 

 

 

Post on 1 TO 2 PAGES OF SOAP NOTE ON : A description of the health history you would need to collect from the patient in the case study to which you were assigned. Explain what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate and how the results would be used to make a diagnosis. List five different possible conditions for the patient’s differential diagnosis, and justify why you selected each. Include how the patient X-ray helped you to refine the differential diagnosis.

 

 

 

Reference

 

Readings

 

•Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Seidel’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

 

◦ Chapter 4, “Vital Signs and Pain Assessment” (pp. 50-63)

 

◦Chapter 21, “Musculoskeletal System” (pp. 501-543

 

Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby

 

. ◦Chapter 22, “Limb Pain” (pp. 356-374)

 

Sullivan, D. D. (2012). Guide to clinical documentation (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.

 

◦Chapter 2, “The Comprehensive History and Physical Exam” (“Muscle Strength Grading”; p. 26)

 

Comprehensive SOAP Exemplar

 

Purpose: To demonstrate what each section of the SOAP Note should include. Remember that nurse practitioners treat patients in a holistic manner, and your SOAP Note should reflect that premise.

 

Patient Initials: _______ Age: _______ Gender: _______

 

SUBJECTIVE DATA:

 

Chief Complaint (CC): Coughing up phlegm and fever

 

History of Present Illness (HPI): Sara Jones is a 65-year-old Caucasian female who presents today with a productive cough x 3 weeks and fever for the last 3 days. She reported that the “cold feels like it is descending into her chest.” The cough is nagging and productive. She brought in a few paper towels with expectorated phlegm – yellow/brown in color. She has associated symptoms of dyspnea of exertion and fever. Her Tmax was reported to be 102.4 last night. She has been taking Ibuprofen 400mg about every 6 hours and the fever breaks, but it returns after the medication wears off. She rated the severity of her symptom discomfort at 4/10.

 

Medications:

1.) Lisinopril 10mg daily

2.) Combivent 2 puffs every 6 hours as needed

3.) Serovent daily

4.) Salmeterol daily

5.) Over-the-counter Ibuprofen 200mg -2 PO as needed

6.) Over-the-counter Benefiber

7.) Flonase 1 spray each night as needed for allergic rhinitis symptoms

 

Allergies:

Sulfa drugs – rash

 

Past Medical History (PMH):

1.) Emphysema with recent exacerbation 1 month ago – deferred admission – RX’d with outpatient antibiotics and hand held nebulizer treatments.

2.) Hypertension – well controlled

3.) Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) – quiet, on no medication

4.) Osteopenia

5.) Allergic rhinitis

 

Past Surgical History (PSH):

1.) Cholecystectomy 1994

2.) Total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) 1998

 

Sexual/Reproductive History:

Heterosexual

G1P1A0

Non-menstruating – TAH 1998

 

Personal/Social History:

She has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily x 30 years; denied ETOH or illicit drug use.

 

Immunization History:

Her immunizations are up to date. She received the influenza vaccine last November and the Pneumococcal vaccine at the same time.

 

Significant Family History:

Two brothers – one with diabetes, dx at age 65, and the other with prostate CA, dx at age 62. She has one daughter in her 30s, healthy, living in nearby neighborhood.

 

Lifestyle:

She is retired, has been widowed x 8 years, and lives in the city in a moderate crime area with good public transportation. She is a college graduate, owns her home, and receives a pension of $50,000 annually – financially stable.

 

She has a primary care nurse practitioner provider and goes for annual and routine care twice annually and as needed for episodic care. She has medical insurance but often asks for drug samples for cost savings. She has a healthy diet and eating pattern. There are resources and community groups in her area at the senior center that she attends regularly. She enjoys bingo. She has a good support system composed of family and friends.

 

Review of Systems:

 

General: + fatigue since the illness started; + fever, no chills or night sweats; no recent weight gains of losses of significance

 

HEENT: No changes in vision or hearing; she does wear glasses, and her last eye exam was 1 ½ years ago. She reported no history of glaucoma, diplopia, floaters, excessive tearing, or photophobia. She does have bilateral small cataracts that are being followed by her ophthalmologist. She has had no recent ear infections, tinnitus, or discharge from the ears. She reported her sense of smell is intact. She has not had any episodes of epistaxis. She does not have a history of nasal polyps or recent sinus infection. She has a history of allergic rhinitis that is seasonal. Her last dental exam was 3/2014. She denied ulceration, lesions, gingivitis, gum bleeding, and has no dental appliances. She has had no difficulty chewing or swallowing.

 

Neck: No pain, injury, or history of disc disease or compression. Her last Bone Mineral density (BMD) test was 2013 and showed mild osteopenia, she said.

 

Breasts: No reports of breast changes. No history of lesions, masses, or rashes. No history of abnormal mammograms.

 

Respiratory: + cough and sputum production (see HPI); denied hemoptysis, no difficulty breathing at rest; + dyspnea on exertion; she has history of COPD and community acquired pneumonia 2012. Last PPD was 2013. Last CXR – 1 month ago.

 

CV: No chest discomfort, palpitations, history of murmur; no history of arrhythmias, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema, or claudication. Date of last ECG/cardiac work up is unknown by patient.

 

GI: No nausea or vomiting, reflux controlled. No abd pain, no changes in bowel/bladder pattern. She uses fiber as a daily laxative to prevent constipation.

 

GU: No change in her urinary pattern, dysuria, or incontinence. She is heterosexual. She has had a total abd hysterectomy. No history of STDs or HPV. She has not been sexually active since the death of her husband.

 

MS: She has no arthralgia/myalgia, no arthritis, gout or limitation in her range of motion by report. No history of trauma or fractures.

 

Psych: No history of anxiety or depression. No sleep disturbance, delusions, or mental health history. She denied suicidal/homicidal history.

 

Neuro: No syncopal episodes or dizziness, no paresthesia, headaches. No change in memory or thinking patterns; no twitches or abnormal movements; no history of gait disturbance or problems with coordination. No falls or seizure history.

 

Integument/Heme/Lymph: No rashes, itching, or bruising. She uses lotion to prevent dry skin. She has no history of skin cancer or lesion removal. She has no bleeding disorders, clotting difficulties, or history of transfusions.

 

Endocrine: No endocrine symptoms or hormone therapies.

 

Allergic/Immunologic: Has hx of allergic rhinitis, but no known immune deficiencies. Her last HIV test was 10 years ago.

 

 

OBJECTIVE DATA

 

Physical Exam:

Vital signs: B/P 110/72, left arm, sitting, regular cuff; P 70 and regular; T 98.3 orally; RR 16; non-labored; Wt: 115 lbs; Ht: 5’2; BMI 21

General: A&O x3, NAD, appears mildly uncomfortable

HEENT: PERRLA, EOMI, oronasopharynx is clear

Neck: Carotids no bruit, jvd or tmegally

Chest/Lungs: CTA AP&L

Heart/Peripheral Vascular: RRR without murmur, rub, or gallop; pulses+2 bilat pedal and +2 radial

ABD: benign, nabs x 4, no organomegaly; mild suprapubic tenderness – diffuse – no rebound

Genital/Rectal: external genitalia intact, no cervical motion tenderness, no adnexal masses.

Musculoskeletal: symmetric muscle development – some age-related atrophy; muscle strengths 5/5 all groups

Neuro: CN II – XII grossly intact, DTR’s intact

Skin/Lymph Nodes: No edema, clubbing, or cyanosis; no palpable nodes

 

ASSESSMENT:

 

Lab Tests and Results:

CBC – WBC 15,000 with + left shift

SAO2 – 98%

 

Diagnostics:

Lab:

Radiology:

CXR – cardiomegaly with air trapping and increased AP diameter

ECG

Normal sinus rhythm

 

Differential Diagnosis (DDx):

1.) Acute Bronchitis

2.) Pulmonary Embolis

3.) Lung Cancer

 

Diagnoses/Client Problems:

 

1.) COPD

2.) HTN, controlled

3.) Tobacco abuse – 40-pack-a-year history

4.) Allergy to sulfa drugs – rash

5.) GERD – quiet, on no current medication

 

PLAN: [This section is not required for the assignments in this course but will be required for future courses.]

 

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