1. Normalization works through a series of stages called normal forms. a. True b. False 2. Normalization is a process that is used for changing attributes to entities. a. True b. False 3. In order to meet performance requirements, portions of the database design may need to be occasionally denormalized. a. True b. False 4. Denormalization produces a lower normal form. a. True b. False 5. Normalization is a very important database design ingredient, and the highest level is always the most desirable. a. True b. False 6. Reporting anomalies in a table can cause a multitude of problems for managers and can be fixed through application programming. a. True b. False 7. Data redundancy produces data anomalies. a. True b. False 8. The objective of normalization is to ensure that each table conforms to the concept of well-formed relations. a. True b. False 9. Relational models view data as part of a table or collection of tables in which all key values must be identified. a. True b. False 10. Repeating groups must be eliminated by ensuring that each row defines a single entity. a. True b. False 11. A dependency of one nonprime attribute on another nonprime attribute is a partial dependency. a. True b. False 12. Dependency diagrams are very helpful in getting a bird’s-eye view of all the relationships among a table’s attributes. a. True b. False 13. Dependencies that are based on only a part of a composite primary key are called transitive dependencies. a. True b. False 14. All relational tables satisfy the 1NF requirements. a. True b. False 15. In the context of partial dependencies, data redundancies occur because every row entry requires duplication of data. a. True b. False 16. Since a partial dependency can exist only if a table’s primary key is composed of several attributes, if a table in 1NF has a single-attribute primary key, then the table is automatically in 2NF. a. True b. False 17. It is possible for a table in 2NF to exhibit transitive dependency, where the primary key may rely on one or more nonprime attributes to functionally determine other nonprime attributes. a. True b. False 18. A determinant is any attribute whose value determines other values within a column. a. True b. False 19. Data stored at their highest level of granularity are said to be atomic data. a. True b. False 20. Atomic attributes are attributes that can be further subdivided. a. True b. False

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The COVID pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for many American hospitals. Some believe that these challenges will lead to more consolidation among hospitals, potentially leading to higher prices for health care services. Your boss, a Member of Congress, has asked you to write a memo to explain both sides of these issues. Your memo (limited to 250 words) should:

Provide and explain one reason why the pandemic may lead to more hospital consolidation, through either mergers or acquisitions. 

Provide and explain one reason why, given what we have learned during the pandemic, such consolidation might improve economic efficiency.

Provide and explain one reason why such consolidation might harm efficiency.

Government agencies often rely on HHI to identify whether to block a hospital merger or acquisition. Suggest a factor (other than HHI) that the government might use to evaluate a merger or acquisitions impact on efficiency.