Module 3 – CaseJOB REDESIGNCase AssignmentIn the background materials you had a chance to read about the traditional top down approach of job redesign as well as the newer bottom up approach of job crafting. Before starting on this assignment, make sure you have thoroughly reviewed the readings and understand the key job redesign and job-crafting strategies. Once you have finished reviewing the background materials, apply what youve learned to the specific scenarios and questions below. Make sure to cite at least one of the required readings for each answer and try to cite at least four of the readings in your answer. Your paper should be 45 pages in length:
Relax Lines, Inc. is a luxury cruise line that has hired you as a job crafting consultant for two groups of their employees. The first group is the ship crew. The crew have responsibility for safety, navigation, and maintenance of the ship. The second group is the hospitality staff. The hospitality staff is tasked with making sure the passengers are enjoying themselves and are properly entertained with various events that this staff plans and prepares. Before arriving at the cruise line to do interviews and make recommendations, you first need to do some reading on what general approach you will use. As a first step, review Dik and Duffy (2012), where they discuss task crafting, relational crafting, and cognitive crafting. Which of these three types of job crafting do you think would be most appropriate for the ship crew, and which one do you think would be most appropriate for the hospitality staff? Also, read up on job-crafting swap meets in Wrzesniewski (2014). Do you think a swap meet would be appropriate for either ship crew members or hospitality staff? Any other strategy from Wrzesniewski (2014) that you think would be useful for either pilots or online marketers?The ABC Corporation has a team of telemarketers. The job description for the telemarketers is pretty basic: They call up potential customers who have visited his companys web page and requested information about the product. Telemarketers performance evaluations depend mostly on their monthly sales as well as customer satisfaction surveys, and they receive monthly feedback reports. Their supervisor gives them some initial training, but these telemarketers have a lot of freedom to choose how and when to call customers. For example, they are free to customize their own sales pitch as long as they dont mislead potential customers. Also, they are not required to fill out a time card or work at the office (they can work from home, if they want). As long as they are making enough monthly sales they are free to set their own schedules. While the telemarketing team is performing well, the company is concerned about high turnover among telemarketers and wants to do some job enrichment. Which of the five core job dimensions discussed in Bauer and Erdogan (2012) or page 9 of Griffin (2007) do you think should be revised the most during a job redesign intervention? Which ones do you think do not need to be revised? Explain your reasoning and cite some of the required readings in your answer.Suppose a sports injury clinic has three main practitioners. First, there is a general practitioner doctor who does the basic diagnosis of the injury and works with the patient to come up with an overall treatment program. This doctor also prescribes medicine as needed. Then there is a surgeon who specializes in sports injuries. This doctor only does surgery. Finally, there is a physical therapist who helps patients with exercise programs to help them recover. The owner of the clinic though becomes worried that these three practitioners are becoming bored and dissatisfied with their jobs and there is concern they might all leave unless their jobs change. However, given the high degree of training required for each of their specializations management is not sure how to go about making their jobs less monotonous and more rewarding. In general, would you recommend management undergoes a traditional job redesign approach or a job crafting approach? Which specific job redesign strategy or job crafting strategy would you recommend? For example, if you choose job redesign discuss whether you would recommend job rotation, enlargement, enrichment, etc. If you choose job crafting, refer to one of the specific strategies or interventions discussed in Wrzesniewski (2014) or Dik and Duffy (2012).Create a table with the definitions of the three main types of job redesign (job enlargement, job rotation, job enrichment) and the three main types of job crafting (task crafting, relational crafting, and cognitive crafting). Then write two paragraphs explaining which of the three types of job crafting are most similar to any of the three types of job redesign, and on what you think are the key differences between job crafting and job redesign based on the definitions in your table.Assignment ExpectationsAnswer the assignment questions directly in 4 to 5 written pages.Stay focused on the precise assignment questions; dont go off on tangents or devote a lot of space to summarizing general background materials.
JOB REDESIGN Required ReadingFor an in-depth view of job design, dig into the following two readings. Pay special attention to the concepts of job rotation, job enrichment, and job enlargement. Also, pay attention to the core job characteristics such as task variety, autonomy, etc., discussed in both readings:
bauer-organizational behaviorBauer, T., & Erdogan, B. (2012) Chapter 6.1: Motivating employees through job design. Introduction to Organizational Behavior. Flatworld Knowledge. http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-organizational-behavior-v1.0/s10-01-motivating-employees-through-j.html
Griffin, R. (2007). Chapter 6: Organization structure and design. Principles of Management. Houghton Mifflin, New York. http://college.cengage.com/business/griffin/sas_principles/1e/assets/students/know_bank/griffin_sas_KB_6.1.pdf
Now that you have read up on traditional approaches to job design, read up on job crafting. This reading is by Amy Wrzesniewski, who you saw in one of the videos above:
Wrzesniewski-How to Be a Positive Leader
Wrzesniewski, A. (2014). Chapter 6: Engage in job crafting. In Dutton, J. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (eds). How to Be a Positive Leader: Small Actions, Big Impact. San Francisco, CA, USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. [EBSCO eBook Collection]
Finally, this chapter provides a solid overview of job crafting including some relational, cognitive, and task crafting:
Dik-Duffy-Make Your Job a Calling
Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Chapter 7: Job crafting. Make Your Job a Calling: How the Psychology of Vocation Can Change Your Life at Work. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press. [EBSCO eBook Collection]

Please Revise My Research Essay With The Suggested Info I will Provide

Benefits of Immigrants in the United States

Immigrants from different parts of the world make a lot of contributions to the United States government as compared to the native-born. The contributions of the immigrants to the U.S have been witnessed for more than one hundred years now. In every state in the United States, settlers are contributing significantly towards building the economy as well as ensuring its prosperity in all aspects. Most of the settlers moved into the United States during their early years. Since the early years are usually referred to as the reproductive years, itâ€s true that during their stay in the United States, they contribute a lot to the development of the economy. For instance, the big number of the labor force in the U.S is immigrants; this means most of the PAYE tax is gotten from the settlers. Given that immigrants play a critical role in boosting the economy of the U.S as well as making it more productive, there is no valid reason as to why we limit immigration as a country.

Immigration in the United States can be dated back to 1600 when the first European and British settlers moved into the country. Later on, around 1619, Africans began streaming but as slaves. As time went by, more immigrants kept moving to the United States. To control the number of immigrants, which had already raised an alarm, stringent immigration policies were put in place (Miller et al., 2018). By 1965, the migration department managed to put the number into control. However, with the development of infrastructure and the affordability of air transport, the number has again increased. Most of the immigrants moved into the United States in search of jobs as the country is believed to be a place of economic prospect (Miller et al., 2018). Despite there being problems associated with immigration, like the slow growth in wage rates, the study has shown that positive contributions of immigration are vast compared to the adverse effects.

Although immigrants are of a smaller number when compared to native settlers, they make up to 30% of total investments in the United States. Comparisons indicate that foreigners in the U.S are more likely to come up with businesses unlike the natives (Light et al., 2019). Various startups, including amazon, google, yahoo, and apple were all started by immigrants. Again, Microsoft and Oracle, which were founded by United States natives are currently directed and controlled by foreigners. These companies, which were either founded by foreigners or their children in States, contribute total revenue estimated to be around $5.5 trillion, which is bigger than the GDP of most countries in the world apart from China and the United States. Additionally, small companies majority of which are owned by immigrants contribute to about 70% of total employer firms in the economy of the U.S (Light et al., 2019). Moreover, the number of high skilled immigrants has been on the rise since the 1990s and this has been allied to innovation. The higher rate of innovation by immigrants tends to motivate the natives as well. Immigrants are more innovative than the natives because the immigrants work in STEM jobs that have lots of innovative activities. For instance, nearly fifty percent of medical specialists in the U.S are immigrants.

Firstly, focusing on where immigrants live, the majority of them live in traditional gateway areas such as New York, San Francisco, Chicago, and Miami. One major contribution that immigrants have played in these cities is making them more creative and diverse. Increased development has been witnessed in these cities. Immigrants occupy rural areas that have for a long time been experiencing a decline in population, thus amending this decline (Light et al., 2019). A decline in population contributes to the closure of most schools, hospitals, and businesses. Some people are also forced to relocate to neighborhoods that are developed. Thanks to immigration that there has been no decline in population. Immigrants have also rejuvenated downtown areas, thus creating jobs (Light et al., 2019).

Secondly, immigrants result in fewer records of crime within the community. When compared to the native citizens of the United States, immigrants are unlikely to commit crimes. High immigration rates, therefore, are pegged to a decline in both violence as well as property crime. This is true for both authorized and unauthorized immigrants despite their country of origin and their learning levels. In the U.S., it is evident that the majority of foreigners are never associated with crime (Vaughn et al., 2018). Another study carried out shows that the broods of immigrants are more educated hence they end up in occupations that pay much when compared to their parents. Thus, the more educated the immigrants are, the more competent is the workforce.

Immigrants are key players in boosting the national birth rate of the U.S which is experiencing drastic low levels among the native-born citizens. A decrease in a country’s birth rate results in a decline in the labor force, a decrease in demand in several companies such as housing as well as a decelerating dynamic economy (Ward et al., 2019). However, immigrants neutralize these impacts. Furthermore, a combination of the low birth rate with the elderly population of the baby boom generations implies that immigrants are very helpful in the improvement of the ratio of employees to retirees thus supporting the baby boom generation in their retirement period. This is very critical considering the economic challenge resulting from the retirement of the baby-boom population. The inclusion of young employees in the U.S labor force can help in easing the demographic shift. Absence of immigrants would mean that the number of working-class adults would make up a small proportion of the entire population. Currently, eighty percent of the immigrants are of the working-age compared with the sixty percent of the U.S citizens. This difference is crucial as it implies that the immigrants have a high chance of being in the labor force (Ward et al., 2019).

Apart from having a significant impact on the working industry, immigrants help in ensuring that the social security trust fund is sustained. Ten years ago, the undocumented settlers paid up to $13 billion into retirement accounts from which they only claimed $1 billion as compensation (Scommegna, 2016). Without foreigners contributing to the social security funds, it is believed that reimbursements would not be paid out wholly beyond 2037. This is true because, for many years now, foreigners have contributed an amount equivalent to $300 billion towards the social security trust fund (Scommegna, 2016). People who migrated to the United States at an early age were required to pay $465 for their application. This means that the program can sustain itself and does not cost the taxpayer anything. The program kicked off in 2012, and since then, individuals exceeding 750000 have applied for the program and their applications approved. This means the government has reaped many benefits from these immigrants. If the program was eliminated, $433.4 billion would be lost from the overall GDP (Scommegna,.2016).

In conclusion, it is evident that immigrants are key players in fueling the economy of the United States. When foreigners join the United States labor force, they increase the production capacity of the country, which in turn results in an increase in the GDP of the country. Besides, by entering the market, the immigrants help in greasing the wheels, especially in the labor market, by reaching out to areas in the employment industries with a deficit in the working population. This is very crucial because the existence of bottlenecks in labor in these industries would result in a decline in growth. Besides, an increase in skilled immigrants is associated with innovation as well as investment, which are essential in the development of the economy. It is thus crucial to appreciate the importance of foreigners in the United States as they contribute much to the growth of the economy.

Work cited

Light, Ivan, and Richard E. Isralowitz, eds. Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Immigrants in the United States and Israel. Routledge, 2019.

Miller, Holly Ventura. “On the History of Immigration and Crime.” Routledge Handbook on Immigration and Crime. Routledge, 2018. 5-18.

Scommegna, Paola. “Elderly immigrants in the United States.” Immigration and Americaâ€s cities: A handbook on evolving services (2016): 33-43.

Vaughn, Michael G., and Christopher P. Salas-Wright. “Immigrants commit crime and violence at lower rates than US-born Americans.” Annals of Epidemiology 28.1 (2018): 58-60.

Ward, Katherine T., Mailee Hess, and Shirley Wu. “Geriatric Assessment in Multicultural Immigrant Populations.” Geriatrics 4.3 (2019): 40.

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