Write a Brief Essay Response examining how both the Aztecs and the Spanish portrayed Motecuhzoma’s death to their own advantage. 

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Read “Different Accounts of the Death of Aztec King Motecuhzoma (Montezuma)

Excerpts from the “Account of Alva Ixtlilxochiltl” (1519) 1966. “The Account of Alva Ixtlilxochitl.” The Broken Spears. Edited and Translated by Miguel León-Portilla. Boston: Beacon Press. Bernal Díaz. 1956. “Account of Moctezuma’s Death.” The Bernal Díaz Chronicles. Edited by Albert Idell. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company.

Following the treaty with the Tlaxcalans, the Spaniards marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán (present site of Mexico City) where they captured the Aztec emperor Montezuma. Subsequently, a battle took place between Cortéz’s men and the Aztecs, forcing the conquistador and his men to flee the city. During the flight and ensuing battle, Montezuma was killed. His death marked a point of no return for Spaniards and Aztecs alike, though there is considerable debate over who exactly killed Montezuma. That the Aztecs and Spaniards each tried to vilify and hold accountable the other is not surprising. Excerpts from two versions — one Aztec and one Spanish — of what happened, though, demonstrate more than just finger-pointing and the inability to determine exactly what happened. They demonstrate the divisions and tensions that the Aztecs experienced even at the heart of their own empire. Moreover, they suggest that the Spaniards, in assuming Montezuma had no cause to be accountable to his people, might have allowed their own assumptions about kingship in Europe to mislead them.

Excerpts from the “Account of Alva Ixtlilxochitl”

Cortes turned in the direction of Tenochtitlan and entered the city of Tezcoco. He was received only by a group of knights, because the legitimate sons of King Nezahualpilli had been hidden by their servants, and the other lords were being held by the Aztecs as hostages. He entered Tenochtitlan with his army of Spaniards and allies on the day of St. John the Baptist, without being molested in any way.

The Mexicans gave them everything they needed, but when they saw that Cortes had no intention of leaving the city or of freeing their leaders, they rallied their warriors and attacked the Spaniards. This attack began on the day after Cortes entered the city and lasted for seven days.

On the third day, Motecuhzoma climbed onto the rooftop and tried to admonish his people, but they cursed him and shouted that he was a coward and a traitor to his country. They even threatened him with their weapons. It is said that an Indian killed him with a stone from his sling, but the palace servants declared that the Spaniards put him to death by stabbing him in the abdomen with their swords.

On the seventh day, the Spaniards abandoned the city along with the Tlaxcaltecas, the Huexotzincas and their other allies. They fled down the causeway that leads out to Tlacopan. But before they left, they murdered King Cacama of Tezcoco, his three sisters and two of his brothers.

There are several accounts by Indians who took part in the fighting that ensued. They tell how their warriors killed a great many of the Spaniards and their allies, and how the army took refuge on a mountain near Tlacopan and then marched to Tlaxcala.

Account of Montezuma’s Death in Bernal Díaz’s True Story of the Conquest of Mexico

Here Cortés showed himself to be every inch a man, as he always was. Oh, what a fight! What a battle we had! It was something to see us dripping blood and covered with wounds, and others killed, but it pleased Our Lord that we should make our way to the place where we had kept the image of Our Lady. We did not find it, and it seems, as we learned later, Montezuma had become devoted to her and had ordered her to be cared for. We set fire to their idols and burned a good part of the room, with great help from the Tlaxcalans.

After this was done, while we were making our way back down, the priests that were in the temple and the three or four thousand Indians made us tumble six or even ten steps. There were other squadrons in the breastworks and recesses of the great cu, discharging so many javelins and arrows that we could not face one group or another, so we decided to return to our quarters, our towers destroyed and everybody wounded, with sixteen dead and the Indians continually pressing us. However clearly I try to tell about this battle, I can never explain it to anyone who wasn’t there. We captured two of their principal priests and Cortés ordered us to take good care of them.

Many times I have seen paintings of this battle among the Mexicans and Tlaxcalans, showing how we went up the great temple, for they look upon it as a very heroic feat.

… The night was spent in treating wounds and burying the dead, preparing to fight the next day, strengthening the walls they had torn down, and consulting as to how we could fight without sustaining so many casualties, but we found no solution at all. I want to tell about the curses that the followers of Narváez threw at Cortés, and how they damned him and the country and even Diego Velázquez for sending them there, when they had been peacefully settled in their homes in Cuba.

To return to our story. We decided to ask for peace so that we could leave Mexico. With dawn came many more squadrons of warriors, and when Cortés saw them, he decided to have Montezuma speak to them from a rooftop and tell them to stop the fighting and that we wished to leave his city. They say that he answered, very upset, “What more does Malinche want from me? I do not want to live, or listen to him, because of the fate he has forced on me.” He would not come, and it was said too that he said that he did not want to see or hear Cortés, or listen to any more of his promises and lies.

The Mercedarian father and Cristóbal de Olid went to him, and showed him great reverence and spoke most affectionately, but Montezuma said, “I do not believe that I can do anything to end this war, for they have already elevated another lord and have decided not to let you leave here alive.”

Nevertheless Montezuma stationed himself behind a battlement on a roof top with many of our soldiers to guard him and began to speak to the Mexicans in very affectionate terms, asking them to stop the war and telling them that we would leave Mexico. Many Mexican chiefs and captains, recognizing him, ordered their men to be quiet, and not to shoot stones or arrows. Four of them reached a place where they were able to talk to Montezuma, and they said, crying as they talked, “Oh, Lord, our great lord, how greatly we are afflicted by your misfortune, and that of your sons and relations! We have to let you know that we have already raised one of your kinsmen to be our lord.”

They said that he was named Coadlavaca, lord of Iztapalapa. They also said that the war would have to go on to the end, for they had promised their idols not to stop until all of us were killed, and they prayed every day that he would be kept free and safe from our power. As everything would come out as they desired, they would not fail to hold him in higher regard as their lord than before, and they asked him to pardon them.

They had hardly finished this speech when there was such a shower of stones and javelins that Montezuma was hit by three stones, one on the head, another on the arm, and the third on the leg, for our men who were shielding him neglected to do so for a moment, because they saw that the attack had stopped while he was speaking with his chiefs.

They begged him to be doctored and to eat something, speaking very kindly to him, but he wouldn’t, and when we least expected it they came to say that he was dead.

Cortés wept for him, and all of our captains and soldiers. There were men among us who cried as though he had been our father, and it is not surprising, considering how good he was. It was said that he had ruled for seventeen years and that he was the best king Mexico had ever had.

… I have already told about the sorrow we felt when we saw that Montezuma was dead. We even thought badly about the Mercedarian father, who was always with him, for not having persuaded him to turn Christian. He gave as an excuse that he didn’t think Montezuma would die from those wounds, but he did say that he should have ordered something given to stupefy him.

Finally Cortés directed that a priest and a chief among those we had imprisoned should be freed so that they could go and tell Coadlavaca and his captains that the great Montezuma was dead and that they had seen him die from the wounds his own people had caused him.

Essay question and outline: Write a Brief Essay Response examining how both the Aztecs and the Spanish portrayed Motecuhzoma’s death to their own advantage.  Use evidence from the Document to support your points. (The Document is already an Excerpt, so please read the entire Document.)

Write a Brief Essay Response examining how both the Aztecs and the Spanish portrayed Motecuhzoma’s death to their own advantage.  Use evidence from the Document to support your points. (The Document is already an Excerpt, so please read the entire Document.)

A Brief Essay Response should consist of at least 8 sentences, following this format:

A topic sentence that answers the essay question generally.
A sentence that makes your first point or gives your first answer.
A sentence that further supports, illustrates, or discusses the first point or first answer
A sentence that makes your second point or gives your second answer.
A sentence that further supports, illustrates, or discusses the second point or second answer.
A sentence that makes your third point or gives your third answer.
A sentence that further supports, illustrates, or discusses the third point or third answer.
A concluding sentence that relates what your Sentence 2 thru Sentence 7 have to do with the Topic Sentence 1.

 Analyze the perspectives of two members of the multidisciplinary team, particularly relative to Paula’s pregnancy.

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Assignment 1: Policy Identification

According to the Counsel on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:

Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation.

To prepare: Identify a social problem that is common among the organization (or its clients) and research current policies at that state and federal levels that impact the social problem. Then, from a position of advocacy, identify methods to address the social problem (i.e., how you, as a social worker, and the agency advocate to change the problem). You are expected to specifically address how both you and the agency can effectively engage policy makers to make them aware of the social problem and the impact that the policies have on the agency and clients.

The Assignment (2-3 pages):

· Identify the social problem

· Explain rational for selecting social problem

· Describe state and federal policies that impact the social problem

· Identify specific methods to address the social problems

· Explain how the agency and student can advocate to change the social problem

References (use 2 or more)

Assignment 2:
Comprehensive Assessment

A comprehensive understanding of a client’s presenting problems depends on the use of multiple types of assessment models. Each model gathers different information based on theoretical perspective and intent. An assessment that focuses on one area alone not only misses vital information that may be helpful in planning an intervention, but may encourage a biased evaluation that could potentially lead you to an inappropriate intervention. When gathering and reviewing a client’s history, sometimes it is easier to focus on the problems and not the positive attributes of the client. In social work, the use of a strengths perspective requires that a client’s strengths, assets, and resources must be identified and utilized. Further, using an empowerment approach in conjunction with a strengths perspective guides the practitioner to work with the client to identify shared goals. You will be asked to consider these approaches and critically analyze the multidisciplinary team’s response to the program case study of Paula Cortez.

For this Assignment, review the program case study of the Cortez family.

In a 2- to 3-page paper, complete a comprehensive assessment of Paula Cortez, utilizing two of the assessment models provided in Chapter 5 of the course text.

· Using the Cowger article, identify at least two areas of strengths in Paula’s case.

· Analyze the perspectives of two members of the multidisciplinary team, particularly relative to Paula’s pregnancy.

· Explain which model the social workers appear to be using to make their assessment.

· Describe the potential for bias when choosing an assessment model and completing an evaluation.

· Suggest strategies you, as Paula’s social worker, might try to avoid these biases.

Support your Assignment with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references.

References (use 3 or more)

Congress, E. (2013). Assessment of adults. In M. Holosko, C. Dulmus, & K. Sowers (Eds.), Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions (pp. 125–145). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Cowger, C. D. (1994). Assessing client strengths: Clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 39(3), 262–268.

Mental Measurements Yearbook. (n.d.). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.

Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014a). Sessions: case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].

· The Cortez Family (pp. 23–25)

The Cortez Family

Paula is a 43-year-old HIV-positive Latina woman originally from Colombia. She is bilingual, fluent in both Spanish and English. Paula lives alone in an apartment in Queens, NY. She is divorced and has one son, Miguel, who is 20 years old. Paula maintains a relationship with her son and her ex-husband, David (46). Paula raised Miguel until he was 8 years old, at which time she was forced to relinquish custody due to her medical condition. Paula is severely socially isolated as she has limited contact with her family in Colombia and lacks a peer network of any kind in her neighborhood. Paula identifies as Catholic, but she does not consider religion to be a big part of her life.

Paula came from a moderately well-to-do family. She reports suffering physical and emotional abuse at the hands of both her parents, who are alive and reside in Colombia with Paula’s two siblings. Paula completed high school in Colombia, but ran away when she was 17 years old because she could no longer tolerate the abuse at home. Paula became an intravenous drug user (IVDU), particularly of cocaine and heroin. David, who was originally from New York City, was one of Paula’s “drug buddies.” The two eloped, and Paula followed David to the United States. Paula continued to use drugs in the United States for several years; however, she stopped when she got pregnant with Miguel. David continued to use drugs, which led to the failure of their marriage.

Once she stopped using drugs, Paula attended the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) in New York City. Upon completing her BA, Paula worked for a clothing designer, but realized her true passion was painting. She has a collection of more than 100 drawings and paintings, many of which track the course of her personal and emotional journey. Paula held a full-time job for a number of years before her health prevented her from working. She is now unemployed and receives Supplemental Security Insurance (SSI) and Medicaid.

Paula was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She experiences rapid cycles of mania and depression when not properly medicated, and she also has a tendency toward paranoia. Paula has a history of not complying with her psychiatric medication treatment because she does not like the way it makes her feel. She often discontinues it without telling her psychiatrist. Paula has had multiple psychiatric hospitalizations but has remained out of the hospital for at least five years. Paula accepts her bipolar diagnosis, but demonstrates limited insight into the relationship between her symptoms and her medication.

Paula was diagnosed HIV positive in 1987. Paula acquired AIDS several years later when she was diagnosed with a severe brain infection and a T-cell count less than 200. Paula’s brain infection left her completely paralyzed on the right side. She lost function of her right arm and hand, as well as the ability to walk. After a long stay in an acute care hospital in New York City, Paula was transferred to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) where she thought she would die. It is at this time that Paula gave up custody of her son. However, Paula’s condition improved gradually. After being in the SNF for more than a year, Paula regained the ability to walk, although she does so with a severe limp. She also regained some function in her right arm. Her right hand (her dominant hand) remains semiparalyzed and limp. Over the course of several years, Paula taught herself to paint with her left hand and was able to return to her beloved art. In 1996, when highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became available, Paula began treatment. She responded well to HAART and her HIV/AIDS was well controlled.

In addition to her HIV/AIDS disease, Paula is diagnosed with hepatitis C (Hep C). While this condition was controlled, it has reached a point where Paula’s doctor is recommending she begin treatment. Paula also has significant circulatory problems, which cause her severe pain in her lower extremities. She uses prescribed narcotic pain medication to control her symptoms. Paula’s circulatory problems have also led to chronic ulcers on her feet that will not heal. Treatment for her foot ulcers demands frequent visits to a wound care clinic. Paula’s pain paired with the foot ulcers make it difficult for her to ambulate and leave her home. As with her psychiatric medication, Paula has a tendency not to comply with her medical treatment. She often disregards instructions from her doctors and resorts to holistic treatments like treating her ulcers with chamomile tea. Working with Paula can be very frustrating because she is often doing very well medically and psychiatrically. Then, out of the blue, she stops her treatment and deteriorates quickly.

I met Paula as a social worker employed at an outpatient comprehensive care clinic located in an acute care hospital in New York City. The clinic functions as an interdisciplinary operation and follows a continuity of care model. As a result, clinic patients are followed by their physician and social worker on an outpatient basis and on an inpatient basis when admitted to the hospital. Thus, social workers interact not only with doctors from the clinic, but also with doctors from all services throughout the hospital.

After working with Paula for almost six months, she called to inform me that she was pregnant. Her news was shocking because she did not have a boyfriend and never spoke of dating. Paula explained that she met a man at a flower shop, they spoke several times, he visited her at her apartment, and they had sex. Paula thought he was a “stand up guy,” but recently everything had changed. Paula began to suspect that he was using drugs because he had started to become controlling and demanding. He showed up at her apartment at all times of the night demanding to be let in. He called her relentlessly, and when she did not pick up the phone, he left her mean and threatening messages. Paula was fearful for her safety.

The Cortez Family

David Cortez: father, 46

Paula Cortez: mother, 43

Miguel Cortez: son, 20

Given Paula’s complex medical profile and her psychiatric diagnosis, her doctor, psychiatrist, and I were concerned about Paula maintaining the pregnancy. We not only feared for Paula’s and the baby’s health, but also for how Paula would manage caring for a baby. Paula also struggled with what she should do about her pregnancy. She seriously considered having an abortion. However, her Catholic roots paired with seeing an ultrasound of the baby reinforced her desire to go through with the pregnancy.

The primary focus of treatment quickly became dealing with Paula’s relationship with the baby’s father. During sessions with her psychiatrist and me, Paula reported feeling fearful for her safety. The father’s relentless phone calls and voicemails rattled Paula. She became scared, slept poorly, and her paranoia increased significantly. During a particular session, Paula reported that she had started smoking to cope with the stress she was feeling. She also stated that she had stopped her psychiatric medication and was not always taking her HAART. When we explored the dangers of Paula’s actions, both to herself and the baby, she indicated that she knew what she was doing was harmful but she did not care. After completing a suicide assessment, I was convinced that Paula was decompensating quickly and at risk of harming herself and/or her baby. I consulted with her psychiatrist, and Paula was involuntarily admitted to the psychiatric unit of the hospital. Paula was extremely angry at me for the admission. She blamed me for “locking her up” and not helping her. Paula remained on the unit for 2 weeks. During this stay she restarted her medications and was stabilized. I tried to visit Paula on the unit, but the first two times I showed up she refused to see me. Eventually, Paula did agree to see me. She was still angry, but she was able to see that I had acted with her best interest in mind, and we were able to repair our relationship. As Paula prepared for discharge, she spoke more about the father and the stress that had driven her to the admission in the first place. Paula agreed that despite her fears she had to do something about the situation. I helped Paula develop a safety plan, educated her about filing for a restraining order, and referred her to the AIDS Law Project, a not-for-profit organization that helps individuals with HIV handle legal issues. With my support and that of her lawyer, Paula filed a police report and successfully got the restraining order. Once the order was served, the phone calls and visits stopped, and Paula regained a sense of control over her life.

From a medical perspective, Paula’s pregnancy was considered “high risk” due to her complicated medical situation. Throughout her pregnancy, Paula remained on HAART, pain, and psychiatric medication, and treatment for her Hep C was postponed. During the pregnancy the ulcers on Paula’s feet worsened and she developed a severe bone infection, ostemeylitis, in two of her toes. Without treatment the infection was extremely dangerous to both Paula and her baby. Paula was admitted to a medical unit in the hospital where she started a 2-week course of intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Unfortunately, the antibiotics did not work, and Paula had to have portions of two of her toes amputated with limited anesthesia due to the pregnancy, extending her hospital stay to nearly a month.

The condition of Paula’s feet heightened my concern and the treatment team’s concerns about Paula’s ability to care for her baby. There were multiple factors to consider. In the immediate term, Paula was barely able to walk and was therefore unable to do anything to prepare for the baby’s arrival (e.g., gather supplies, take parenting class, etc.). In the medium term, we needed to address how Paula was going to care for the baby day-to-day, and we needed to think about how she would care for the baby at home given her physical limitations (i.e., limited ability to ambulate and limited use of her right hand) and her current medical status. In addition, we had to consider what she would do with the baby if she required another hospitalization. In the long term, we needed to think about permanency planning for the baby or for what would happen to the baby if Paula died. While Paula recognized the importance of all of these issues, her anxiety level was much lower than mine and that of her treatment team. Perhaps she did not see the whole picture as we did, or perhaps she was in denial. She repeatedly told me, “I know, I know. I’m just going to do it. I raised my son and I am going to take care of this baby too.” We really did not have an answer for her limited emotional response, we just needed to meet her where she was and move on. One of the things that amazed me most about Paula was that she had a great ability to rally people around her. Nurses, doctors, social workers: we all wanted to help her even when she tried to push us away.

While Paula was in the hospital unit, we were able to talk about the baby’s care and permanency planning. Through these discussions, Paula’s social isolation became more and more evident. Paula had not told her parents in Colombia that she was having a baby. She feared their disapproval and she stated, “I can’t stand to hear my mother’s negativity.” Miguel and David were aware of the pregnancy, but they each had their own lives. David was remarried with children, and Miguel was working and in school full-time. The idea of burdening him with her needs was something Paula would not consider. There was no one else in Paula’s life. Therefore, we were forced to look at options outside of Paula’s limited social network.

Key to Acronyms

 

AIDS:

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

 

HAART:

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

 

HIV:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

 

IVDU:

Intravenous Drug User

 

SNF:

Skilled Nursing Facility

 

SSI:

Supplemental Security Insurance

 

WIC:

Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and   Children

After a month in the hospital, Paula went home with a surgical boot, instructions to limit bearing weight on her foot, and a list of referrals from me. Paula and I agreed to check in every other day by telephone. My intention was to monitor how she was feeling, as well as her progress with the referrals I had given her. I also wanted to provide her with support and encouragement that she was not getting from anywhere else. On many occasions, I hung up the phone frustrated with Paula because of her procrastination and lack of follow-through. But ultimately she completed what she needed to for the baby’s arrival. Paula successfully applied for WIC, the federal Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, and was also able to secure a crib and other baby essentials.

Paula delivered a healthy baby girl. The baby was born HIV negative and received the appropriate HAART treatment after birth. The baby spent a week in the neonatal intensive care unit, as she had to detox from the effects of the pain medication Paula took throughout her pregnancy. Given Paula’s low income, health, and Medicaid status, Paula was able to apply for and receive 24/7 in-home child care assistance through New York’s public assistance program. Depending on Paula’s health and her need for help, this arrangement can be modified as deemed appropriate. Miguel did take a part in caring for his half sister, but his assistance was limited. Ultimately, Paula completed the appropriate permanency planning paperwork with the assistance of the organization The Family Center. She named Miguel the baby’s guardian should something happen to her.

(Plummer 23-25)

Plummer, Sara-Beth, Sara Makris, Sally Brocksen. Sessions: Case Histories. Laureate Publishing, 02/2014. VitalBook file.

Research describing two mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza that spread between mammals is likely to be published in its entirety. Nature examines the controversial decision.

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Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Science, Technology, and Society Thomas Easton McGraw-Hill Education Unit 1 1.3 Can Science Be Trusted Without Government Regulation? Page 63 Critical Thinking and Reflection 3. Does publishing the full methods and results of the Fouchier and Kawaoka H5N1 studies seem likely to increase our ability to protect public health from future H5N1 pandemic?

 

http://www.nature.com/news/the-risks-and-benefits-of-publishing-mutant-flu-studies-1.10138

 

nature International weekly journal of science

 

The risks and benefits of publishing mutant flu studies

 

Research describing two mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza that spread between mammals is likely to be published in its entirety. Nature examines the controversial decision.

 

Ed Yong

 

March 2, 2012

 

Two teams of scientists, led by Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, have created mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza. These laboratory strains could be passed between mammals more easily than wild strains of the virus.

 

 

MEDICAL RF.COM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

 

Research into mutant strains of avian influenza (white) aims to reveal more about flu transmission mechanisms.

 

News of the research sparked an intense debate about whether the two teams’ work should be published in full to aid pandemic preparedness or redacted to prevent misuse by terrorists. A meeting convened by the World Health Organization two weeks ago in Geneva, Switzerland, concluded that the papers should be published in full, despite recommendations to the contrary from a US government advisory board. Nature takes a look at the debate and the science.

 

Influenza researcher Yoshihiro Kawaoka wins Breakthrough Award

 

University of Wisconsin Madison

 

Influenza researcher Yoshihiro Kawaoka wins Breakthrough Award

 

October 7, 2014

 

Kelly April Tyrrell

 

The University of Wisconsin–Madison’s Yoshihiro Kawaoka has been recognized as a 2014 Popular Mechanics Breakthrough Award recipient for his efforts to understand and prevent pandemic influenza.

 

In recent years, Kawaoka has found himself at the center of controversy surrounding research on highly pathogenic influenza and other sensitive pathogens known as select agents. His studies to understand, monitor, treat and potentially prevent pandemic influenza have often been misrepresented and misunderstood.

 

However, according to Popular Mechanics — a science and technology-focused magazine published by Hearst Magazines — Kawaoka was chosen despite the controversy because his work studying mutations in viruses that are currently found in nature and carry pandemic potential could “help protect humanity.”

 

– See more at: http://news.wisc.edu/influenza-researcher-yoshihiro-kawaoka-wins-breakthrough-award/#sthash.D2VHfogO.dpuf

 

http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a12897/the-man-who-could-destroy-the-world-breakthrough-awards-2014/

 

Popular Mechanics

 

Mike Magnuson

 

October 7, 2014

 

BREAKTHROUGH

 

WHO Yoshihiro Kawaoka University of Wisconsin–Madison

 

FIELD Virology

 

ACHIEVEMENT Flu pandemic prevention research.

 

The virus sits in 2-milliliter vials inside a freezer kept at minus 80 degrees Celsius. At that temperature, in that deep of a deep freeze, the virus is preserved as if in amber, lying in wait. Under a microscope it looks something like a medieval battle weapon, a spherical object stabbed with dozens of little spikes, like the actual virus it was engineered to replicate: the 1918 strain of H1N1, otherwise known as the Spanish flu, a pandemic estimated to have killed more than 40 million people.

 

The freezer is locked and sealed inside a room made of concrete walls set within a lab surrounded by another set of walls—those outer walls made of 18 inches of concrete, every inch of it reinforced by steel rebar. A box within a box, as it’s known in the research world. Entry is through a series of rooms starting with air-locked, submarine-type doors, and the place is rigged with extensive alarms—more than 500 of them in all, spread throughout the building and attached to various pieces of equipment, ready to alert safety personnel and the campus police who monitor the facility around the clock if someone who doesn’t belong there tries to get in.

 

The freezers, the air-locked doors, the alarms—they must all operate perfectly, because perfection is the minimum requirement at the $12.5-million Influenza Research Institute. The facility sits on the outskirts of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, home of the Badgers, whose basketball team went to the Final Four this year. But the building seems a thousand miles from all that.

 

Assuming they pass the FBI background check necessary even for the administrative assistants who work there, employees entering the lab are required to remove all their street clothes, including undergarments. Once they put on dedicated scrubs, with shoe covers both inside and outside a pair of dedicated garden clogs, they access an anteroom outside the lab. To go into the laboratory, they need a different pair of clogs and shoe covers specific to that space, and must pull on a Tyvek jumpsuit, a hooded respirator outfitted with an air filter, and two pairs of disposable Tyvek gloves. Upon leaving, they take all that off in a specific order, then take a 5-minute shower with soap and water during which they are required to wash all orifices and blow their noses.

 

The suite that houses the virus is a BSL-3-Ag facility—essentially the most secure building of its kind in existence, give or take one or two features. (The building also houses research on the Ebola virus.) Not one particle of anything is allowed to escape.

 

The institute was built in 2008 largely to advance the efforts of one man, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, a professor of virology who several months ago published a study detailing his successful bid to build the virus—a strain of influenza that’s almost identical to the Spanish flu—from contemporary flu genes. For the study he infected ferrets with the virus and mutated the strain to make it more easily transmissible through respiratory droplets—in other words, from sneezing mammal to sneezing mammal.

 

Outside the concentric, secure rings of his research facility, and outside the comforts of Madison—the university, and officials in the state of Wisconsin itself, have been unwavering in their support of Kawaoka, to the point of constructing the $12.5 million building in order to fight off other suitors—that question has been debated by hordes of people with varying degrees of credibility.

 

His study of the H5N1 virus, because it detailed so precisely his methods for rebuilding the virus, was so controversial that a National Institutes of Health advisory panel recommended parts of the research be kept from the public when it was scheduled to appear in 2012 in the journal Nature.

 

http://www.nature.com/news/mutant-flu-paper-published-1.10551

 

nature International weekly journal of science

 

Mutant-flu paper published

 

Controversial study shows how dangerous forms of avian influenza could evolve in the wild.

 

Ed Yong

 

May 2, 2012

 

The first hints of Kawaoka’s work emerged last year, along with details of similar experiments led by Ron Fouchier at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The news sparked intense discussion about whether the benefits of knowing about these potentially dangerous mutations outweighed the risks of publishing them openly. The US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) — an independent government advisory board — recommended in December 2011 that both papers should be censored before publication, citing concerns that the strains could be used by bioterrorists, or that untrammelled proliferation of the work would raise the risk of an accidental release from a lab.

 

But after a meeting that included international flu experts and health-agency representatives, the NSABB decided in March that revised versions of the two papers should be published in full (see http://www.nature.com/news/us-biosecurity-board-revises-stance-on-mutant-flu-studies-1.10369). The board was swayed by plans to tighten the oversight of such work, as well as by fresh information about the potential benefits to surveillance. It also acknowledged the difficulties in restricting access to the research. Fouchier has just received an export licence from the Dutch government, which has allowed him to submit his paper to Science (see http://www.nature.com/news/mutant-flu-researcher-backs-down-on-plan-to-publish-without-permission-1.10514).

 

http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.4258.1335884727%21/image/flu.jpg_gen/derivatives/fullsize/flu.jpg

A mutant flu virus became more transmissible as it passed between lab ferrets, raising fears that mutations in the wild could create a human pandemic strain.

 

http://www.nature.com/news/second-mutant-flu-paper-published-1.10875

 

nature International weekly journal of science

 

Second mutant-flu paper published

 

Just five mutations allow H5N1 to spread between ferrets.

 

Ed Yong

 

June 21, 2012

 

The H5N1 ‘bird flu’ virus could evolve to spread through the air between ferrets by picking up as few as five mutations, according to a long-awaited study from Ron Fouchier from the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam, the Netherlands1. The paper is published today in Science after months of debate about whether the benefits of publishing the research outweighed the risks.

 

H5N1 can cause lethal infections in humans but it cannot spread effectively from person to person. Fouchier’s paper is the second of two publications describing how the virus could evolve this ability. The first, from Yoshihiro Kawaoka at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, involved a hybrid virus with genes from both H5N1 and the H1N1 strain behind the 2009 pandemic2 (see http://www.nature.com/news/mutant-flu-paper-published-1.10551). Fouchier’s mutant contains only H5N1 genes.

RE: Can Science Be Trusted Without Government Regulaltion?

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https://www.phe.gov/s3/dualuse/Pages/InstitutionalOversight.aspx

United States Department of Health and Human Services

United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences DURC 

On September 24, 2014, the United States Government released the United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern. The policy addresses institutional oversight of DURC, which includes policies, practices, and procedures to ensure DURC is identified and risk mitigation measures are implemented, where applicable. Institutional oversight of DURC is the critical component of a comprehensive oversight system because institutions are most familiar with the life sciences research conducted in their facilities and are in the best position to promote and strengthen the responsible conduct and communication

This Policy and the March 2012 DURC Policy are complementary and emphasize a culture of responsibility by reminding all involved parties of the shared duty to uphold the integrity of science and prevent its misuse. Like the March 2012 DURC Policy, the scope of this Policy is limited to a well-defined subset of life sciences research that involves 15 agents and toxins and seven categories of experiments. The U.S. Government will solicit feedback on the experience of institutions in implementing the Policy; evaluate the impact of DURC oversight on the life sciences research enterprise; assess the benefits and risks of expanding the scope of the Policy to encompass additional agents and toxins and/or categories of experiments; and update the Policy as warranted.

Research institutions are encouraged to be mindful that research outside of the scope articulated in this Policy may also constitute DURC. Institutions have the discretion to consider other categories of research for DURC potential and may expand their internal oversight to other types of life sciences research as they deem appropriate, but such expansion would not be subject to oversight as articulated in this Policy.

The Federal Register Notice Response to Comments and Notice of Final Action Regarding the United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern was published on September 25, 2014.

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RE: Can Science Be Trusted Without Government Regulaltion?

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Close to home for those of us who live in southern Ohio, as referenced by David R. Franz, from “The Dual Use Dilemma: Crying Out for Leadership”, Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy (2013).

The New York Times

Tests Indicate Seized Material Is Nonlethal Form of Anthrax

Todd S. Purdum

February 22, 1998

But extensive tests at a military laboratory at Fort Detrick, Md., have determined that the substance in fact contained only harmless traces of anthrax that could not be used to make a biological weapon, Bobby Siller, the special agent in charge of the Las Vegas office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, said today at a news conference there.

Mr. Siller said Larry Wayne Harris, one of the two men in Las Vegas who were charged with possession of biological toxins for use as a weapon, would remain in custody at the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas pending further investigation and a hearing on Monday.

Mr. Harris, a former member of the Aryan Nations white supremacist group, is on probation from a Federal conviction last year on charges of illegally obtaining bubonic plague bacteria from a mail-order laboratory in 1995. One of the conditions of his probation was that he not handle dangerous toxins.

Mr. Siller said he believed that testing on other material, seized from Mr. Harris’s houses in Ohio, had not been completed.

In fact, the Government’s official complaint later made clear, Mr. Harris had boasted in the past about how easy such an attack would be, though officials said they had no indication of any plans to use the material.

In fact, officials had some reason to be worried. Mr. Harris, a freelance water tester and microbiologist from Lancaster, Ohio, has published a book, ”Bacteriological Warfare: A Major Threat to North America,” that he describes as a guide for surviving a germ attack, but that also details how such an attack could be carried out.

Mr. Harris has said he grew anthrax cultures from material taken from a burial ground of cows that died in an outbreak in the 1950’s, and law-enforcement officials and experts on right-wing groups say he has traveled the country addressing anti-Government groups on the dangers of germ warfare, and inoculating people against biological agents.

But Mr. Leavitt, of Logandale, Nev., had no criminal record, and friends described him as a pillar of his local Mormon church who owned a fire safety business and had a passion for alternative medical research in a quest for cures for AIDS and other diseases. His lawyers said he had asked Mr. Harris to help him test an electronic machine that he had been told could kill bacteria.

Mr. Leavitt had been negotiating with Ronald G. Rockwell, a local researcher who claimed to have developed such a machine, but Mr. Leavitt’s lawyers said the two could not agree on a price. This week, when Mr. Harris and Mr. Leavitt told Mr. Rockwell that they had anthrax they wanted tested, Mr. Rockwell had said ”it scared me so bad” that he called the authorities, who moved in to arrest the suspects as they met Mr. Rockwell at a clinic in Henderson, Nev., on Wednesday night.

In any event, Mr. Leavitt and Mr. Rockwell made no secret of their testing plans, discussing them on a radio talk show on KNXT-AM in Las Vegas just last week, and saying that Mr. Harris would help them.

”Larry Harris has been a consultant to our Government for some time, and he will be participating in some very specific tests as far as to the efficacy of the technology, in regard to some of the bacteriologic agents,” Mr. Leavitt told the radio host, according to a transcript published today in The Las Vegas Review-Journal/Las Vegas Sun.

In the past, Mr. Harris has claimed that he worked for the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1980’s. But a C.I.A. spokesman, Mark Mansfield, said that Mr. Harris had never been employed by the agency.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/etc/script.html

FRONTLINE 1706 “Plague War”

Air date: October 13, 1998

Plague War

Produced by Peter Molloy, Jim Gilmore

Reported by Tom Mangold

Clive Syddal, Executive Producer

Written by Tom Mangold and Jim Gilmore

LARRY WAYNE HARRIS: My view of the future is that we are facing now a biological apocalypse. It is coming. The Bible says that it is coming.

NARRATOR: Larry Wayne Harris, a member of the white supremacist group Aryan Nation, has been in constant trouble with the law for his attempts to obtain plague bacteria and anthrax through the mail. Harris has written a manual for do-it-yourself biological warfare, and he claims it is easy to acquire these deadly agents.

INTERVIEWER: How would you obtain samples of anthrax?

LARRY WAYNE HARRIS: Anthrax? Go out where cows have died of anthrax. Dig down to where the bodies are. Get a sample of the culture. Grow it up.

INTERVIEWER: How would you obtain a sample of plague?

LARRY WAYNE HARRIS: The rats the plague usually inhabits- rats would like to be above 5,000-foot altitude. Go out in California, get above the 5,000-foot mark. Catch you some rats, get some blood samples. Bingo, you got your plague.

INTERVIEWER: Could you personally use biological organisms offensively, if you had to?

LARRY WAYNE HARRIS: Most definitely. I- I hope I never have- we never have to, but most definitely.

INTERVIEWER: Do you believe, looking into the future, that you may have to?

LARRY WAYNE HARRIS: I hope and pray that I never have to.

INTERVIEWER: That’s not the question, Mr. Harris.

LARRY WAYNE HARRIS: Yes.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471686786.ebd0168.pub2/abstract?systemMessage=WOL+Usage+report+download+page+will+be+unavailable+on+Friday+27th+January+2017+at+23%3A00+GMT%2F+18%3A00+EST%2F+07%3A00+SGT+%28Saturday+28th+Jan+for+SGT%29++for+up+to+2+hours+due+to+essential+server+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.

Larry Wayne Harris

Lauren Harrison, Jacqueline E. Miller

Published Online: July 15, 2011

DOI: 10.1002/0471686786.ebd0168.pub2

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Book Title

Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense

Abstract

Larry Wayne Harris, a trained microbiological technician from Lancaster, Ohio has been implicated in two cases of possession of biological materials that are of particular concern in weapons. In 1995, he was charged with misrepresenting himself while ordering three vials of the causative agent of plague. He was also arrested on suspected possession of the causative agent of anthrax. This substance was later found to be a harmless veterinary strain. He is thought to be a lone actor and not maintaining ties with any terrorist groups or states. He did have, at one time, ties with Aryan Nations and other neo-Nazi groups. He renounced his racist views in mid-1990s.

Keywords:

Larry Wayne Harris; anthrax; plague; motivation factors; legislation; CDC clearance

Expand on your colleague’s posting by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

/in /by

Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resource on your own before you bid. One of the references must come from Broderick and Blewitt (2015). I need this completed by 01/26/18 at 3pm. Respond to at least two of my colleagues using one or more of the following approaches:

· Offer and support an alternative theory (not discussed in this week’s Learning Resources) that validates or opposes a colleague’s identified meaning of work and career.

· Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

· Expand on your colleague’s posting by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

(B. Smi)

Broderick and Blewitt (2015) imply that work and the ability to obtain and maintain a career are seen as momentous developmental tasks. In order to complete this task, one must have adequate knowledge of self. Knowledge of self will assist an individual in finding suitable employment that best meets their skills and capabilities.

Significance and Meaning

Research has indicated that an individual is most likely to achieve job satisfaction, successful performance, and stability when pursuing a career that matches their personal style. The individual must also be able to meet the demands of the position. Holland’s Theory of Personality –Environment Types declares that adults possess a desired way of completing social and environmental tasks. Holland insists that an individual’s approach is likely to be similar to the type of career they seek. An example of this would be an individual who’s personal orientation is social working in a customer service, social service, or any kind of helping field.  Another example could include someone who is artistic pursuing freelance work or teaching art or dance classes.

Another theory that exhibits the importance of work and career within the development of young adults is Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development. Erikson argues that the significance of work begins during the elementary school years where they are required to grasp educational studies and sometimes household chores. Broderick and Blewitt (2015) declare that the formation of identity continues into young adulthood and is often founded on one’s attitude/view of themselves created in childhood. Erikson’s Theory concludes that a child or young adult with a sense of industry (belief in their abilities) and a sense of self will be more likely to succeed in finding a career that provides satisfaction (Broderick and Blewitt, 2015). Feelings of industry are important as they encourage hard work and perseverance. Research has indicated that an individual who receives satisfaction from their work life could then feel more compelled to assist in their other roles (Kuchinke, 2010). Dissatisfaction with employment could cause a husband and father to be less attentive once he arrives home.

Personal Reflection

Prior to obtaining my bachelor’s degree (Child and Family Studies), majority of my work experience involved children. I’ve always been drawn to helping professions. I’ve worked in day cares, summer camps, and vacation bible schools. Later, it was resident assistants, college assistance offices, and child protective services. While working in cps, I got to help families but I mostly enjoyed talking to them. A lot of people just wanted to be heard and I enjoyed that. I’ve participated in counseling myself and appreciated how helpful and dare I say therapeutic it was. Talking, listening, and goal setting is a big part of my current position. I also think it fits my personality. I believe the counseling profession could add meaning to my life as it would be a constant learning experience. No one session will be the same. I believe that there will be similarities, but nothing exactly alike. As a person who spends a lot of time in their hand was raised unable to express their emotions, I want to be apart of others learning express themselves in a healthy way and acknowledging tis okay to seek assistance.

Summary

Work and career can impact development both positively and negatively. Children and young adults who maintain a sense of industry and strong sense of self are able to work hard, remain positive, and achieve career satisfaction. In the future, it would be imperative to learn about the client’s view of self and their skill sets to work more effectively with them. Work and career have large influence on satisfaction of life and can affect other areas of an individual’s life in a positive or negative way.

References

Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Kuchinke, K. P., Cornachione, E. B., Oh, S. Y., & Kang, H.-S. (2010). All work and no play? The meaning of work and work stress of mid-level managers in the United States, Brazil, and Korea. Human Resource Development International, 13(4), 393–408.

(S. Mor)

The distinctive difference between work and career is easily summarized by deciding I am working a job to survive in this world, or I am in my career of choice which I prepared for and it is my passion that fuels the fire inside of me in my career. Work tends to become a tedious assignment that we despise, but it pays the bills. Mondays are painful and Fridays are rejoiced because of a two day break that goes entirely too fast. Careers produce acceptable long hours, off days are forced at times by family and friends, and there is a large amount of fulfillment, drive, and pride that comes about when you are in your career of choice. In this discussion I chose Supers Developmental Approach and Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development. Super’s Theory explains that the way we see or think about ourselves, may change as we obtain different experiences in life (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Erikson’s Theory on the way we view ourselves, is based on children working and having the ability to figure out who they are based on the job they are working (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  However, keep in mind this concept works well during the Industrial Revolution when children began working at age 5 or 6 (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

Theoretical Foundations

Super’s Theory is a process that takes time and is developed continuously over an individual’s lifespan (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The way we look at ourselves and figure out who we are, may be done when we have the ability to have a career that we have chosen. Vocational self-concept is defined as a person’s identity that coincides with the details that a career of their choice demands ((Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). For example, in our class we all have shown an interest and determination to become counselors. Regardless of the reasons why we have chose this field, we all are dedicated to empower ourselves by paying for higher education, striving for excellent grades, and excelling as students which will also prompt us to excel as counselors. Basically this is a choice that we have made because there is a passion inside of us that wants this more than life itself. The obstacles we may encounter will not be a deterrent, but fuel added to the fire that allows us to keep pushing class after class, and assignment after assignment. Everyday no matter how tired we are from work, spouses, children, bills, and many other demands the time that is devoted to completing school work is found. The path we are on is not easy because if it was everyone would do it, but there is something special about us that screams to others I need your help and we are learning to do that. Personal characteristics that do not align with my career would cause my life to be filled with regret daily. The idea of sleeping sounds better than facing the people at my job, and my attitude would appear as if other employees or clients are bothering me. Super’s developmental stages repeat themselves through the course of a person’s lifespan (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The time period between birth to age 15 is developing the interests that define who a child wants to become (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). My daughter from the times she was 7 has always been fascinated with animals, and has said she will be a veterinarian. I have encouraged her and at age 19 she is a freshman in college studying veterinarian courses. The next stage is exploratory which occurs from 15 to 24 and a little more focus on what you want to become may be evident, but the decision may still appear indecisive (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Establishment which is prevalent from 25 to 44 is the stage where we should know what we want to do, and through working we establish this (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The next stage occurs from 45 to 64 and is called maintenance, basically allows us to continually get better in work performance with a climb up the corporate ladder (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The final stage is called Decline which occurs after 65, and people are faced with retirement opportunities, less responsibilities in work, and eventually retirement (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). My mother who is in her 70’s retired from corporate America but began working part time at Macy’s because she was bored. Upon asking her why she not able to just relax is, her response to me was “When older people stop working, they will die because they have nothing to do.”

Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development describes the way we view who we are when small children begin to work serious jobs in different societies (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). I am aware that many cultures employ their children at very young ages, and some will work alongside their parents until they are able to work alone. However, it is hard to fathom because this is not a part of the culture in the United States, especially after Child Slave Labor Laws were established in the early 1900’s. “Little theoretical attention has been paid to why such cross-time influences should characterize human development” (Belsky, 2010). I do believe that children should learn responsibilities and be assigned chores that require them to assist in the house. My children knew when they were two years old if I played Barney the purple dinosaurs Clean Up song, it prompted them to put their toys in the toy chest. Elementary children according to Erikson should gain an insight of what they are capable of doing, while teens mirror that of adults in the work industry (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Children mimic their parents and when they are able to see them living positive productive lives the habits of hard work will be present in their lives.

Personal Reflection

As a child I was a daddy’s girl, mainly because he was the only male in the house that consisted of my mom and three daughters. The rollercoaster of emotions and female bickering was constant, but my dad knew how to put every drama filled emotion out without us feeling like we didn’t matter. My mother was the disciplinarian and my father was our savior because he knew how to keep everyone calm. My father was a social worker that specialized in severe child abuse cases, and I remember the feelings he would express to my mom when he was able to save a child. I have seen my dad cry many times, but I never saw him get upset to the point where he was cussing or fighting in his personal or professional life. The cases he had made me want to put some of the adults that made their children suffer devastating circumstances stand in front of a firing squad as their punishment. Watching how blessed my dad lived and how passionate he was in his career, gave me the strength to figure out what I want to do with my life. I know who I am and one thing I inherited from my dad is the fact that I am always evolving. Every time I master something I want to learn how to become better than I was the year before or even the day before. When I was a child my dad was the calm mild manner personality in our house, he was the voice of reason. My mother was the fire and pretty much ran the entire house. Please understand both of my parents are awesome and I am blessed beyond measure. I used to get upset with my dad if my mom said something mean or direct to him, because he would never ever say anything back to her. I would tell him dad you need to stand up to her, or dad why do you allow her to talk to you like that? My parents were married 48 years when my dad passed, and that is when I realized the strength he had in him was greater than any man I know. Do you know how hard it is to keep quiet when someone is saying something mean to you? I know it is something that I struggle with daily because I have a low tolerance for disrespect or rudeness. I learned it is so easy for people to go back and forth with words, and some will even physically fight. The strength it takes to walk away is one of the keys to happiness because in that strength you realize the aggressor has no power over you. No matter what they say to you the power is in not responding which is incredibly difficult. I wish when my dad was alive I would have understood this because he tried to teach me. I finally got it and because of this lesson it made me want to live my life helping people figure out their lives. I do feel my calling to be a counselor is divine intervention, but no matter what it takes to become the best counselor ever I will do it over and over again.

Summary

The choice we make in deciding if we want to work or have a career is a vital decision that will impact and set the tone for the life you are living. Differences occur when we get up in the morning, get dressed for a job or a passion. The formula for some may be easy, and then for others it may be difficult, because survival of life at times may come in the form of a job. The purpose in each of us has to supersede the survival because only then will you feel fulfillment in living the life that you were destined to live. Applying Super’s Developmental Approach which I am more in favor of will help my clients understand that they have the ability to develop any career they want the entire time they are living. Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development I do not foresee me using often with a practice in the United States. However if I am ever counseling in a culture that has children that begin working at 5 or 6 his theory will be quite useful.

References

Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Belsky, J. (2010). Childhood experience and the development of reproductive strategies. Psicothema, 22(1), 28–34.

Readings

· Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

o Chapter 12, “Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood” (review pp. 438-476)

o Chapter 13, “Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development” (pp. 478-525)

Belsky, J. (2010). Childhood experience and the development of reproductive strategies. Psicothema, 22(1), 28–34.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Brandell, J. R. (2010). Contemporary psychoanalytic perspectives on attachment. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 17(2), 132–157.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Halrynjo, S. (2009). Men’s work-life conflict: Career, care and self-realization: Patterns of privileges and dilemmas. Gender, Work & Organization, 16(1), 98–125.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Kuchinke, K. P., Cornachione, E. B., Oh, S. Y., & Kang, H.-S. (2010). All work and no play? The meaning of work and work stress of mid-level managers in the United States, Brazil, and Korea. Human Resource Development International, 13(4), 393–408.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Newton, N., & Stewart, A. J. (2010). The middle ages: Changes in women’s personalities and social roles. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1),75–84.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Rodriguez, P. D., & Ritchie, K. L. (2009). Relationship between coping styles and adult attachment styles. Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences, 13, 131–141.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.