Conduct a linear regression to predict the number of times a boy would strike a classmate from the number of times the boy hit a bobo doll. From the output, identify the following:

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Part A

 

 

 

Some questions in Part A require that you access data from Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics. This data is available on the student website under the Student Text Resources link.

 

 

 

  1. Use the following data to answer Questions 1a and 1b. 

 

Total no. of problems correct (out of a possible 20) Attitude toward test taking (out of a possible 100)
17 94
13 73
12 59
15 80
16 93
14 85
16 66
16 79
18 77
19 91

 

 

 

  1. Compute the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient by hand and show all your work.
  2. Construct a scatterplot for these 10 values by hand. Based on the scatterplot, would you predict the correlation to be direct or indirect? Why?

 

 

 

  1. Rank the following correlation coefficients on strength of their relationship (list the weakest first): 

 

+.71
+.36
–.45
.47
–.62

 

 

 

  1. Use IBM® SPSS® software to determine the correlation between hours of studying and grade point average for these honor students. Why is the correlation so low? 

 

Hours of studying GPA
23 3.95
12 3.90
15 4.00
14 3.76
16 3.97
21 3.89
14 3.66
11 3.91
18 3.80
9 3.89

 

 

 

  1. Look at the following table. What type of correlation coefficient would you use to examine the relationship between ethnicity (defined as different categories) and political affiliation? How about club membership (yes or no) and high school GPA? Explain why you selected the answers you did. 

 

Level of Measurement and Examples
Variable X Variable Y Type of correlation Correlation being computed
Nominal (voting preference, such as Republican or Democrat) Nominal (gender, such as male or female) Phi coefficient The correlation between voting preference and gender
Nominal (social class, such as high, medium, or low) Ordinal (rank in high school graduating class) Rank biserial coefficient The correlation between social class and rank in high school
Nominal (family configuration, such as intact or single parent) Interval (grade point average) Point biserial The correlation between family configuration and grade point average
Ordinal (height converted to rank) Ordinal (weight converted to rank) Spearman rank correlation coefficient The correlation between height and weight
Interval (number of problems solved) Interval (age in years) Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient The correlation between number of problems solved and the age in years

 

 

 

  1. When two variables are correlated (such as strength and running speed), it also means that they are associated with one another. But if they are associated with one another, then why does one not cause the other? 
  2. Given the following information, use Table B.4 in Appendix B of Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics to determine whether the correlations are significant and how you would interpret the results. 

 

  1. The correlation between speed and strength for 20 women is .567. Test these results at the .01 level using a one-tailed test.
  2. The correlation between the number correct on a math test and the time it takes to complete the test is –.45. Test whether this correlation is significant for 80 children at the .05 level of significance. Choose either a one- or a two-tailed test and justify your choice.
  3. The correlation between number of friends and grade point average (GPA) for 50 adolescents is .37. Is this significant at the .05 level for a two-tailed test? 

 

  1. Use the data in Ch. 15 Data Set 3 to answer the questions below. Do this one manually or use IBM® SPSS® software. 

 

  1. Compute the correlation between income and level of education.
  2. Test for the significance of the correlation.
  3. What argument can you make to support the conclusion that lower levels of education cause low income? 

 

  1. Use the following data set to answer the questions. Do this one manually. 

 

  1. Compute the correlation between age in months and number of words known.
  2. Test for the significance of the correlation at the .05 level of significance.
  3. Recall what you learned in Ch. 5 of Salkind (2011)about correlation coefficients and interpret this correlation.

 

 

 

Age in months Number of words known
12 6
15 8
9 4
7 5
18 14
24 18
15 7
16 6
21 12
15 17

 

 

 

  1. How does linear regression differ from analysis of variance? 
  2. Betsy is interested in predicting how many 75-year-olds will develop Alzheimer’s disease and is using level of education and general physical health graded on a scale from 1 to 10 as predictors. But she is interested in using other predictor variables as well. Answer the following questions. 

 

  1. What criteria should she use in the selection of other predictors? Why?
  2. Name two other predictors that you think might be related to the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
  3. With the four predictor variables (level of education, general physical health, and the two new ones that you name), draw out what the model of the regression equation would look like. 

 

  1. Joe Coach was curious to know if the average number of games won in a year predicts Super Bowl performance (win or lose). The x variable was the average number of games won during the past 10 seasons. The y variable was whether the team ever won the Super Bowl during the past 10 seasons. Refer to the following data set: 

 

Team Average no. of wins over 10 years Bowl? (1 = yes and 0 = no)
Savannah Sharks 12 1
Pittsburgh Pelicans 11 0
Williamstown Warriors 15 0
Bennington Bruisers 12 1
Atlanta Angels 13 1
Trenton Terrors 16 0
Virginia Vipers 15 1
Charleston Crooners 9 0
Harrisburg Heathens 8 0
Eaton Energizers 12 1

 

 

 

  1. How would you assess the usefulness of the average number of wins as a predictor of whether a team ever won a Super Bowl?
  2. What’s the advantage of being able to use a categorical variable (such as 1 or 0) as a dependent variable?
  3. What other variables might you use to predict the dependent variable, and why would you choose them?

 

 

From Salkind (2011). Copyright © 2012 SAGE. All Rights Reserved. Adapted with permission.

 

 

 

Part B

 

 

Some questions in Part B require that you access data from Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh. This data is available on the student website under the Student Text Resources link. The data for this exercise is in thedata file named Lesson 33 Exercise File 1.

 

 

 

Peter was interested in determining if children who hit a bobo doll more frequently would display more or less aggressive behavior on the playground. He was given permission to observe 10 boys in a nursery school classroom. Each boy was encouraged to hit a bobo doll for 5 minutes. The number of times each boy struck the bobo doll was recorded (bobo). Next, Peter observed the boys on the playground for an hour and recorded the number of times each boy struck a classmate (peer).

 

 

 

  1. Conduct a linear regression to predict the number of times a boy would strike a classmate from the number of times the boy hit a bobo doll. From the output, identify the following: 

 

  1. Slope associated with the predictor
  2. Additive constant for the regression equation
  3. Mean number of times they struck a classmate
  4. Correlation between the number of times they hit the bobo doll and the number of times they struck a classmate
  5. Standard error of estimate

Discuss whether the results of the study would—or should—influence your practice as a social worker. Please use the resources to support your answer.

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Research studies often compare variables, conditions, times, and/or groups of participants to evaluate relationships between variables or differences between groups or times. For example, if researchers are interested in knowing whether an intervention produces change in the desired direction, they will want to know whether the change is due to chance (statistical significance) or possibly due to the intervention. In this case, researchers could use a pre and post measurement of the same participants on the condition being treated, or they could compare a group of individuals who receive the intervention to a group that does not receive the intervention. Researchers could also compare two groups of individuals who receive different interventions. The rigor of the research design helps control for other factors that might account for the changes (e.g., time, conditions, group differences in other factors, etc.). To prepare for this Discussion, consider the concept of statistical significance.

By Day 5

Post your explanation of how the difference between statistical significance and the true importance (clinical significance) of the relationship between variables or the degree of difference between groups affect your practice decision making. Be sure to include an explanation of what statistical significance means. Include an example from a quantitative study that found statistically significant differences. Discuss whether the results of the study would—or should—influence your practice as a social worker. Please use the resources to support your answer.

Required Readings

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L.  (2018). Research methods for social workers (8th ed.). New York, NY:  Pearson.
Chapter 13, “Analyzing Data” (pp. 295–297, “The Data in Perspective”)

Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social work case studies: Foundation year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Social Work Research: Measuring Group Success

Bauer, S., Lambert, M. J., & Nielsen, S. L. (2004). Clinical significance methods: A comparison of statistical techniques. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 60–70.
Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Gibson, F. H. (2003). Indigent client perceptions of barriers to marriage and family therapy (Dissertation, University of Louisiana at Monroe).

Correlations and romanticized pictures of how we feel about ourselves genuinely have an enormous effect on our self-esteem.

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Correlations and romanticized pictures of how we feel about ourselves genuinely have an enormous effect on our self-esteem. Thinking about our physical appearance or even supporting our inner self brings some negative thoughts or feelings. Downward comparisons of ourselves are conducted in a manner by which we contrast ourselves with individuals unrealistically like celebrities or people that we idolize through the media. This contrast is regarding a particular characteristic or inclination that we wish to emulate (Aronson et al., 2019). For instance, cancer patients may compare themselves with different patients based on how their body handles the effects of symptoms. This technique had a method for making a progressively hopeful observation of their disease’s course (Aronson et al., 2019).

As cited by Rancourt et al. (2016), the differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women’s disordered eating behaviors and body image is completed by the comparison of race and ethnicity as a variable for upward and downward appearance correlations and disturbed body approval and eating results with participants including young women. These studies strategize the upward and downward body contentment, appearance similarities, and disrupted eating were controlled to 1,014 young women (Rancourt et al. 2016). Results including downward appearance correlations surfaced as non-favorable for Latina ladies yet had differentiating results for White and Asian young women (Rancourt et al. 2016). Additionally, discussions found that the rule, including physical self-image assessments, impact all women, similarly; including downward assessments are all-around protective, even though this position is regularly spread by clinical treatment techniques (Rancourt et al. 2016).

References:

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers, S. R. (Eds.) (2019). Social Psychology (10th ed.)  Boston, MA: Pearson.

Rancourt, D., Schaefer, L. M., Bosson, J. K., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). Differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women’s disordered eating behaviors and body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(5), 519–523.  https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22470

Support your response with references to social psychology theory and research.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the social psychology theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or Internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your post and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.

Which of the following facts about the James-Lange theory of emotions is true?

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Question

1. Which of the following is one of the greatest strengths of the social cognitive perspective of personality?

a. It recognizes that the five stages of psychosexual development can, in fact, be progressed through without fixation, struggle, or strife.
b. It suggests that the genetic limitations with which we are born can be overcome.
c. It offers hope to each human being that self-actualization is a reasonable and attainable goal.
d. It offers strategies for a person to improve his or her own life, as it recognizes the importance of the individual in the construction of his or her own reality.

2. Based on your knowledge of the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, which part of the brain would help with the reasoning of something like the Heinz Dilemma?

a. The prefrontal cortex
b. The transcranial pathway
c. The visual cortex
d. The rapid subcortical pathway

3. One way that therapists assist clients suffering from a phobia is through a technique called systematic desensitization. The person is gradually exposed to the trigger of their fear until they learn to respond with relaxation instead of panic and dread. This uses the principle of __________, which suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to familiarity and comfort.

a. relaxation
b. habituation
c. diminuation
d. minimization

4. Which stage of sleep is characterized by an increase in delta wave activity in the brain?

a. REM sleep
b. Stage 1
c. Stage 2
d. Stage 3

5. One of the earliest theories of multiple types of intelligence was that of Raymond Cattell, who suggested that intelligence can be divided up into two types:

a. intrapersonal and interpersonal
b. emotional and intellectual
c. practical and creative
d. fluid and crystallized

6. Why is it so important that people living with HIV or AIDS find ways of reducing the stress in their lives?

a. Because this illness compromises the immune system, and having too much stress will further limit the body’s ability to fight illness.
b. Because HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, cannot live without a ready supply of adrenaline and noradrenaline to feed on. These are the neurotransmitters that are released by people who have too much stress in their lives.
c. Because the medications used to treat these illness cannot be effective in individuals who have high stress due to the negative interaction of the drugs and cortisol, the stress hormone.
d. Because the treatment of these illnesses requires a strict regimen of medication compliance, and research has shown that those who live with high amounts of stress are more forgetful and therefore more likely to miss a dose of their crucial, life-saving medication.

7. Psychologist Stewart Page had an associate who called 180 people who had advertised __________, but when they found out that the person calling was “about to be released from a mental health facility,” they were suddenly quick to become distant. This study demonstrated the pervasiveness of stigma attached to mental illness in the 1970s

a. job openings
b. rooms for rent
c. the need for a babysitter
d. a desire to purchase a vehicle

8. In 2005 the United States Supreme Court outlawed the practice of using capital punishment (the death penalty) for juvenile offenders.What was the basis of this ruling?

a. The recognition that using the death penalty on juveniles presented a clear risk of unnecessary pain, which would violate the constitutional prohibition on “cruel and unusual punishment.”
b. The recognition that juveniles have a biological deficiency in their ability to use good judgment.
c. The recognition that putting juveniles to death would be more of a punishment for their families than for the juveniles themselves.
d. The recognition that juveniles are psychologically incapable of being responsible for their own actions.

9. Which of the following facts about the James-Lange theory of emotions is true?

a. James was older than Lange, which is why his name came first in the theory

b. James and Lange did not know each other, and proposed the same theory at the exact same time

c. Lange was James’s teacher, and he agreed to let James’s name come first to forward his career

d. James and Lange worked together for over thirty years before their theory was finally accepted in mainstream psychology

10. While Alfred Binet is generally credited with creating the first test used to measure intelligence, this is actually a bit of a mistake. The test that he developed, in fact, measured a child’s:

a. processing speed

b. mental age

c. mathematics skills

d. verbal fluency