Evaluate the correlational result and identify the strength of the correlation.

/in /by

Essay 1
A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008.

For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study.  Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods.  Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study.

Your essay must address the following points:

  • Describe the research question for this experiment.
    • What were the null and alternative hypotheses?
    • Were the results of this test statistically significant?
    • If so, why were they significant?
  • Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
  • Do the results provide sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis?
  • Was the sample appropriate for this study?  Explain your answer.
  • What are some possible limitations to this study?
  • Discuss how you would conduct a follow up study to this one. Explain your answer.
  • Describe the difference between practical and statistical significance.

Essay 2
A researcher has investigated the relationship between IQ and grade point average (GPA) and found the correlation to be .75.

For this essay, critique the results and interpretation of a correlational study.

  • Evaluate the correlational result and identify the strength of the correlation.
  • Examine the assumptions and limitations of the possible connection between the researcher’s chosen variables.
  •  Identify and describe other statistical tests that could be used to study this relationship.

Your essay response must address the following questions:

  • How strong is this correlation?
    • Is this a positive or negative correlation?
    • What does this correlation mean?
  • Does this correlation imply that individuals with high Intelligence Quotients (IQ) have high Grade Point Averages (GPA)?
  •  Does this correlation provide evidence that high IQ causes GPA to go higher?
    • What other variables might be influencing this relationship?
  • What is the connection between correlation and causation?
  • What are some of the factors that affect the size of this correlation?
  • Is correlation a good test for predicting GPA?
    •  If not, what statistical tests should a researcher use, and why?

Essay 3
A researcher has recorded the reaction times of 20 individuals on a memory assessment. The following table indicates the individual times:

 2.2  4.7  7.3  4.1
 9.5  15.2  4.3  9.5
 2.7  3.1  9.2  2.9
 8.2  7.6  3.5  2.5
 9.3  4.8  8.5  8.1

 

In this essay, demonstrate your ability to organize data into meaningful sets, calculate basic descriptive statistics, interpret the results, and evaluate the effects of outliers and changes in the variables.  You may use Excel, one of the many free online descriptive statistics calculators, or calculate the values by hand and/or with a calculator.

Next, separate the data into two groups of 10; one group will be the lower reaction times, and the second group will be the higher reaction times.  Then, address the following points in your essay response:

  • Calculate the sum, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, skew, and kurtosis for each group.
  • How do the two groups differ?
  •  Are there any outliers in either data group?
  • What effect does an outlier have on a sample?

Lastly, double each sample by repeating the same 10 data points in each group.  You will have a total of 20 data points for each group. After completing this, address the following in your essay response:

  • Calculate the following for the new data groups: sum, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, skew, and kurtosis.
  • Did any of the values change?
  • How does sample size affect those values?

Part B: Research Study Critique
In this second portion of the Final Exam, you will identify and critically evaluate a quantitative research article based on a social science topic.  Your selected article must include a research question(s) and/or hypothesis(es) and utilize statistical analyses covered in the course. The article must be peer-reviewed and published within the last 10 years.

In the body of your critique, describe the statistical approaches used, the variables included, the hypothesis(es) proposed, and the interpretation of the results.   In your conclusion, suggest other statistical approaches that could have been used and, if appropriate, suggest alternative interpretations of the results.  This process will allow you to apply the concepts learned throughout the course in the interpretation of actual scientific research. Your critique must include the following sections:

  1. Introduction: This section will include a general introduction of the quantitative study from a peer-reviewed source published within the last 10 years.  The research questions and/or hypothesis(es) as well as the purpose of the study should be clearly defined.
  2. Methods: Describe and evaluate the procedures and methods of data collection, measures/instruments used, the participants and how they were selected, and the statistical techniques used.
  3. Results: In this section describe and critique the results presented in the study.
  4. Discussion: Discuss and evaluate the efficacy of the results presented in the study.  Address, the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the study, and suggest future research directions.  Include additional forms of statistical analyses as part of the suggestions for future research.

The Research Study Critique:

  1. Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.  Use 12-point font, with 1-inch margins.
  2. Must use the sections and headings described above.
  3.  Must address the article with critical thought by examining, reflecting, and evaluating the article from an objective viewpoint and by using facts to support your argument. Refer to the Critical Thinking Community website for further assistance.
  4. Must end with a conclusion that summarizes your critical evaluation.
  5. Must use one quantitative research study from a peer-reviewed source that was published within the last 10 years.
  6. Must properly cite the source article in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  7. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Human Development Question

/in /by

Instructions for this discussion board:

In this week’s video entitled “Why 30 is not the New 20”, Meg Jay makes a pretty important statement: “80% of life’s defining moments occur before the age of 35”.  She goes on to emphasize the value and importance of really grasping on to the 20’s and taking full advantage of this time.

This week, we have also talked quite a bit about the idea of “emerging adulthood”, a term coined by researcher Jeffrey Arnett, as a unique developmental period that a smaller (often privileged) portion of societies are allowed to experience.  Indeed, we can think of lots of pop culture references that portray the college years as a time of freedom from responsibility or, as Meg Jay states, “developmental down time”.  If emerging adulthood is actually a developmental period, it should come with a set of unique developmental tasks or milestones to reach.

Before you participate in this discussion board, please complete the following tasks:

1. Read and watch the content above on development in early adulthood.

2. Watch the videos above in which Meg Jay and Jeffrey Arnett talk about development in the 20’s.  Pay close attention to how Meg Jay describes the role of the 20’s in a person’s life. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhhgI4tSMwc

 

In your initial post (DUE Thursday, 6/18 by 11:59PM):

1. Locate the discussion forum, “Week 5 Discussion: Emerging Adulthood“(see instructions for finding your group discussion board below).  Create a thread and in your initial post, answer the following questions: Given everything that you now know about early adulthood, what do you think is the most important developmental task or milestone for a person to accomplish in their 20’s?  Why is this important?  What long-term impact will it have?  What supports would help a young adult accomplish this task?   Be sure to link your responses back to the course material!  Your experiences are a valuable reference point, but your post must also reflect what you have learned in this course.  Posts with no reference to course content will lose points.

You must also provice at least two thoughtful, respectful responses to your peers (DUE Sunday, 6/21 by 11:59PM).  This is your opportunity to discuss, so there are not strict guidelines for what you must include in your response.  However, responses must ADD TO THE DISCUSSION.  “I agree!” or “Cool idea!” or “That’s dumb!” will not earn you points.  Things that may prompt discussion are comments that include ideas like the reasons for similarities/differences between posts, the potential real-world application of your classmates’ ideas, and links to other course content (including lectures and videos).  

Please remember that late posts will not earn any credit, so be sure to be mindful of the course deadlines and to make sure that your post showed up in the discussion and that it is in the correct forum.  This is your responsibility.

 

Here is some general information about discussion board requirements:

Each discussion consists of three posts as follows:

1. Your original post in response to the instructor’s thread/post. (Due Thursday)

2. Response posts to two of your peers. (Due Sunday)

GRADING

Your discussion participation is graded using the rubric below. This rubric also shows on your Group discussion board page. Don’t forget to use it to maximize your contribution!

 

Component Unacceptable 0 Points Emerging 4 – 6 Points Good 7 – 8 Points Excellent 9 – 10 Points
Original Post

10 points possible

(Due Thursday)

 No post within the allotted timeframe Post is less than 100 words; argumentation is weak with scant or no course references; multiple typos and/or poor sentence structure Post is between 100 and 149 words; argument is moderately articulated but course references are not strong; writing is not well constructed; some typos or awkward sentence structure (doesn’t look proof-read) Post is at least 150 words; it reflects a thoughtful/ creative/ insightful argument; includes direct course reference; writing is coherent and organized with good grammatical structure
Component Unacceptable 0 Points Emerging 1 point per post Good 2 points per post Excellent 3 points per post
2 Peer Responses 

3 points possible per response 

(Due Sunday)

 No responses posted; post is rude or inappropriate Post is less than 30 words; post is either merely supportive or merely antagonistic without support for agreement or disagreement Post is between 30 – 49 words; response is not well constructed, i.e., “totally, I agree” without supporting reasons; repeats original post instead of building upon it YOU MUST ADD SOMETHING TO THE DISCUSSION (not repeat); Post is at least 50 words; it is respectful and thoughtful; it builds on the original post; does NOT say the same thing the posts right above it say; it’s well written

Description of the issue of controversy.

/in /by

Write a 350-500 word topic proposal introducing the topic for your final project, which will be due in Week Nine. Your final project will be a slide presentation with speaker notes.

Choose a salient issue of controversy to explore from your community, the nation, or the world.

You must use at least two, and no more than three, philosophical approaches you learned in this course.

These include:  Pre-Socratics, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Dualism, Idealism, Materialism, Continental, Pragmatism, Analytic, Kant, Mill, Care Ethics, Social Contract, Classic Liberalism, Libertarianism, Marxism, Chinese, Japanese, India/Hindu, Feminist, or Post-colonialist.

You may employ them to show where you think they are correct or where they are incorrect, you may contrast them or show how both agree on a point.  How you utilize these two or three perspectives is up to you.

Include the following in your proposal. You will use this information later in your slide show and speaker notes.

  • Description of the issue of controversy.
  • Discussion of how two or three philosophies or philosophers would describe the roots of the problem
  • Discussion of the political or ethical theories that are in evidence in the controversy
  • Your proposed solution to the problem based on the readings and your own research; would you use any of the philosophers or philosophies you chose?
  • Description of why you think your approach would solve the problem better than current approaches

Find at least 2 peer-reviewed sources in the University Library and discuss in your proposal how those sources support or refute your opinions. The following are useful resources that are available on the Multimedia page of the University Library:

  • Issues & Controversies
  • Issues & Controversies in American History
  • Global Issues in Context

Explain the benefits of the analysis type selected for the evaluation.

/in /by

Based on the data-collection procedures chosen in the Module 5 assignment, write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words explaining how you would analyze and report the data collected. Use language that can be understood by someone without training in statistics and research methods. The adequacy of your response depends on its technical correctness and its appropriateness to the intended audience. Do the following in your paper:

  1. Specify and describe the statistical analysis techniques that will be used to compile and summarize the data gathered to determine how the program is operating and whether the program is fulfilling its goals and objectives.
  2. Explain how the qualitative data would be analyzed in order to identify trends and patterns in the qualitative responses collected.
  3. Explain the benefits of the analysis type selected for the evaluation.

**APA format, 4 references, conclusion section

Running head: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROPOSAL 1

 

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROPOSAL 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Implementation Plan Proposal

Steve Palos

Grand Canyon University: PSY-843

July 14, 2015

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Implementation Plan Proposal

The implementation plan defines how the Member Co-op Match program will be put into practice. The plan contains a description of both the qualitative and quantitative methods of collecting data for the research; the rationale for the selection of procedures for collecting the data; a justification of the validity and reliability of the quantitative data collected; and the challenges expected during collection of data for the implementation of the program.

The Member Co-op Match Program designed by Land O’Lakes is aimed at providing funds and grants to eligible local projects so as to improve the quality of life in the communities (Land O’Lakes Inc., n.d.). Therefore, a successful implementation of the program will incorporate the maximum contribution and effort from all the relevant stakeholders. They include the non-profit organizations, the Land O’Lakes Inc. employees, and management as well as the public. These individuals will provide the necessary information and support required for the full implementation of the program. And so, both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection will be utilized to gather the information.

Research Methodology

Data collection methods

Quantitative data collection methods depend on structured data collection tools and random sampling that fit varied experiences into preset response categories. They offer results that can easily be summarized, compared and generalized (Neuman, 2005). For the Member Co-op Match program, the quantitative data will provide a guideline in the understanding the scale and magnitude of the eligibility and impact of the local projects by providing its numerical illustration. As such, survey questionnaires will be employed to gather quantitative data. According to Neuman (2005), surveys are important when collecting data from large groups since standardization is key to yielding valid results. The questions constructed will both be close and open-ended with responses taking the form of rating on a given scale (i.e. from a scale of 1 to 4 ranging from agree to disagree). Other responses will include categories where respondents can choose from. The rating scales will help to quantify the respondents’ behaviors and attitudes (Noor, 2008). The study will employ the paper and pencil questionnaire that will be sent to different individuals in the communities and a few distributed within the Land O’Lakes staff as well as in some non-profit organizations.

Besides questionnaires, in-depth interviews will be carried out to collect qualitative data. Both the in-person and telephone interviews will be used in the study. According to Neuman (2005), qualitative data collection methods play a significant role in impact evaluation by offering useful information to comprehend the processes behind the expected outcomes and examine changes in the perceptions of people’s well-being. Specifically, the in-depth interviews will be used to enhance the quality of the survey questionnaires by assisting in generating an evaluation hypothesis, clarifying the findings from the quantitative evaluation as well as reinforcing the design of the survey-based questionnaires (Boyce & Neale, 2006).

Rationale for data collection methods

The use of survey questionnaires is the most appropriate method of collecting quantitative data since a large number of individuals are required for the study, and the responses needed require clearly defined and a preset set of questions (Noor, 2008). Moreover, questionnaires are expedient for both the summative and formative purposes. Based on previous research, some of the benefits of using survey questionnaires include:

· Questionnaires are appropriate for collecting descriptive data

· They can cover a broad range of topics

· They are a cheap method of collecting data.

· They can easily be analyzed using different types of software.

Though surveys are beneficial, they also have some weaknesses as data collection methods. They include:

· Self-reporting may lead to biased reporting.

· The data collected may be generalized but lack depth.

· The questionnaire may not offer the adequate information required.

Given the above, the in-depth interviews will be used to counter the weaknesses of the survey questionnaires as well as provide the in-depth information needed. Accordingly, this methodology has the following benefits:

· It provides detailed and comprehensive data.

· It allows in-person contact with the respondents

· It captures both the affective and cognitive responses.

· It permits the clarification of questions thereby enhancing the probability of useful responses.

The use of in-depth interviews is, however, expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, a respondent may alter the information as a result of selective perceptions, recall error or the desire to gratify the interviewer (Boyce & Neale, 2006). All the same, several studies suggest that in-depth interviews are useful, reliable and valid in collecting qualitative data as well as improving the quality of information collected from quantitative methods (Noor, 2008).

 

Justification of the data collection method.

The use of survey questionnaires together with in-depth interviews will ensure reliability and validity of the information collected. Reliability is the degree of consistency of data collected while validity is the accuracy and precision of the information produced (Roberts, 2006). External validity of the quantitative data collected will be established through accurate sampling, performing data triangulation, participation feedback, regression analysis and experiment review. To ensure validity, the method of data collection will be transparent and systematic. Also, an audit trial and documentation of the flow and dispensation of data will be maintained. Content validity will be guaranteed through randomly selecting items that are representative of all the information (Noor, 2008).

On the other hand, reliability will be established by performing a test-retest reliability whereby the same questionnaire is provided to the same individuals after a given period (Roberts, 2006). This will help in examining the consistency of the responses from the different questionnaires. The data collected will be verified by conducting consisted checks for accuracy and completeness as well as providing reports that compare the data collected with those from other sources.

Challenges in data collection

There are certain challenges that will be encountered while gathering the necessary data and information for the implementation of the program. Critical information may be missed out if the questions were not clearly documented from the start (Neuman, 2005). Thus, it can be difficult to accurately capture this information at the later stages of data collection. Another challenge that is common to many studies is the time limitation (Noor, 2008). The respondents may find it difficult to comprehend the purpose of the study thereby providing inaccurate or incomplete information due to the amount of time that is prescribed for the questionnaire or interviews.

Additionally, lack of resources such funds can be a major downturn during data collection. Shortage of funds may result in limited opportunity to capture all the information required since the audience to be reached will have to be trimmed. This will likely affect the validity and reliability of the data collected since the sample selected will not be representative but rather limited to a particular area (Roberts, 2006). And so, extensive prior research will be conducted so as to be aware of the potential challenges during collecting of data, and formulating ways to deal with or eliminate such problems. Particularly, for the Land O’Lakes Co-op Match program, the data to collect requires representative information from the communities and so conducting a research to understand the community needs and ensure accurate sampling is necessary. Also, given the large target audience, proper planning in terms of time and finances will be crucial to ensuring success in collecting both the qualitative and quantitative data.

Conclusion

Proposing and defending the methodology for implementing a program evaluation plan is a tedious yet necessary task. Both quantitative and qualitative methods must be examined to determine if using only one method or combining both methodologies will best represent the true nature of the phenomenon being investigated. The quantitative data analysis technique will establish guidelines for what evaluators are to do with the new data gathered from resources such as; closed-ended questionnaires/questions, checklist and scale forms of data, absolute number of years and/or service contracts. The qualitative data analysis methodology will permit program evaluators to analyze the accrued data from sources such as; open-ended questionnaires/questions, individual notes obtained from training programs/group programs, descriptive-form records, case examples, and any other types of non-quantitative information. Researchers must establish the most efficient form/s of analysis when conducting research because it is vital if one wants to ensure that the research is both valid and reliable. Without validity and reliability research should not be attempted.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input (pp. 3-7). Watertown, MA: Pathfinder International. Land O’Lakes Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved from Land O’Lakes Web site: https://www.landolakesinc.com/company/corporateresponsibility/foundation/membermatch/programdescription/default.aspx Neuman, W. L. (2005). Social research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches (Vol. 13). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Noor, K. B. (2008). Case study: A strategic research methodology. American journal of applied sciences, 5(11), 1602-1604. Rob