DISORDERS OF THE VEINS AND ARTERIES 1

Running head: DISORDERS OF THE VEINS AND ARTERIES 1

DISORDERS OF THE VEINS AND ARTERIES 4

 

 

 

 

 

Disorders of the Veins and Arteries

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Introduction

It is the role of health care provider to identify the symptoms and signs of various diseases and understanding human anatomy in order to distinguish groups of ailments and symptoms to make accurate diagnosis and treatment therapies. Particularly in the venous system, different conditions exist in the human circulatory system. Therefore, this primer aims to delve into the pathophysiology and genetic influences of CVI and DVT, recognizer major differences and illustrating each venous disorder with a mind map.

Compare the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis. Describe how venous thrombosis is different from arterial thrombosis.

A clear understanding of CVI pathogenesis has not yet fully been documented. However, according to Burnand & Wadoodi (2019), CVI is believed to occur when the incompetent valves contract leading to venous hypertension, a condition that mostly occurs in lower extremities, with associated risk factors of trauma, gender, genetics, and pregnancy. Clogging of blood which inhibits proper flow of blood to the veins leads to inflammation which serves as a pivotal cause of ulceration and stasis dermatitis (Huether & McCance, 2017). Bacterial colonization complicates ulcers present which disrupts the normal wound healing process.

DVT pathophysiology, on the other hand, is a condition that affects mostly the aging population that occurs when deep veins block due to blood clotting (Comerota, 2019). The condition manifests in legs but other studies show it can happen anywhere in the muscles of the body. Once the blood is strained, veins lack sufficient flow of blood causing swelling and pain.

One common difference that exists between venous and arterial thrombosis is that venous thrombosis develops under low shear flow and in most cases around the intact endothelial wall (Burnand & Wadoodi, 2019). Venous thrombosis is characterized by carrying a large number of platelets, fibrin rich with high red blood cells. On the other hand, arterial thrombosis occurs under high shear flow because there is the formation of platelet-rich thrombi around damaged endothelium and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques (Comerota, 2019).

Explain how the patient factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of CVI and DVT. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.

Genetic risk factors play a significant role during the diagnosis of CVI and DVT. Genetic risk factor helps advanced practice nurse to distinguish the multiple clinical factors that influence the treatment of both conditions. The gene-gene and gene-environment are prerequisite factors for thrombosis for determining appropriate management and treatment of CVI and DVT (Burnand & Wadoodi, 2019).

DVT is treated when the affected large vein in the foot or ankle is injected with a dye. An X-ray looks for clotted veins. Although, DVT diagnosis can be confirmed by other invasive methods such as ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans. CVI treatment and diagnosis is different from DVT as the patient’s legs with CVI are raised to reduce the pressure. To help the blood flow in the legs the client is provided with compressor stocking to apply pressure on the legs. Legs are left uncrossed when the patient is sitting and must do regular exercises (Huether & McCance, 2017).

 

 

 

 

Construct two mind maps—one for chronic venous insufficiency and one for deep venous thrombosis. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

 

DVT mind map

DIAGNOSIS

Ultrasound

MRI and CT scans

D-dimer

Physical examination

 

 

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

 

Swollen legs

Bruise discoloration

Tenderness

Unexplained fever

 

 

 

 

 

TREATMENT

Blood thinners

 

 

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

 

 

 

 

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Venous blood obstruction

Imbalance in tissue homeostasis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Impaired venous return

Endothelial injury or dysfunction

Hypercoagulability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CVI mind map

DIAGNOSIS

Vascular ultrasound

Medical history

Physical exam

 

 

TREATMENT

Improving blood flow in your leg veins

Sclerotherapy

Surgery

Endovenous laser ablation

 

 

 

CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY

 

 

 

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Venous ulcer

Reduced mobility

Venous reflux

Elderly

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stasis ulcers

Dry, rough skin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Muscle pump failure

Venous obstruction

Venous valvular incompetence

 

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Discomfort

Swelling

Varicose veins and

Skin changes or ulceration

 

 

In Summary

 

 

 

 

 

Summary

This primer discussed the pathophysiology of DVT and CVI and elaborated on how the female gender influences disease development. In summary advanced nurse practitioners need to understand the prevalence of both DVT and CVI as well as how the diseases of the venous system impair the return of blood flow to the heart.

 

References

Burnand, K. G., & Wadoodi, A. (2019, July). The physiology and hemodynamics of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limb. In Handbook of venous disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum (pp. 72-80). CRC Press.

Comerota, A. J. (2019). Quality-of-life improvement using thrombolytic therapy for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 3(S2), 61-67.

Hammer, G. G. & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

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