Classical Leadership Theory In Action (6-8 Pages)

(Per Assignment II  – apply the guidelines and conventions from the APA Guidelines.  Submit your work via Safe Assign in editable Microsoft Word format. Be sure to use Times New Roman, 12 pt. font, double-space throughout, number pages in the lower right-hand corner, and provide supporting evidence/citations from the texts listed on the course syllabus (other cited sources are not acceptable). Use dispassionate, third person voice instead of first or second person.  Please refer attached power point slides.

Note the focus of the assignment is to explain your recommended leadership approach “fix”, why it is recommended, and how it is aligned with specific classical leadership notions. Be sure to provide citations/evidence to support your objective analysis and assertions.)

Assignment II. (Select one of the following scenarios):

Save your time - order a paper!

Get your paper written from scratch within the tight deadline. Our service is a reliable solution to all your troubles. Place an order on any task and we will take care of it. You won’t have to worry about the quality and deadlines

Order Paper Now

 

Classical Leadership Theory in Action: Assignment III will count as 70 percent of your grade. Classical Leadership Theory in Action:  6-8 pages of text, 12 point font, Times New Roman font. Subheadings are encouraged (but not required) and citations to the course readings and lectures are required in APA format. No other outside sources or information is allowed to be used. Papers drawing from outside sources will receive an automatic C.

 

Please note: While the details of how you “fix” these scenarios are important (e.g. they have to make sense, reflect a degree of practical accuracy, and be applicable to the situation), what this paper is concerned about primarily is how you apply the principles of classical leadership theory.  Therefore, you must clearly explain the ideas you apply and how and why you apply those ideas or leadership approaches i.e., show how and why the ideas/leadership approach you select line up with classical leadership notions.

 

 

Scenario 1: Over the past seven years, K-12 District has gone from one of the best districts to the  worst. Test scores, which at one time were the highest in the state, are now the lowest, and there seems to be no movement upwards.  Parent involvement remains high, but most parents now feel powerless. The district has ten schools: five elementary, three middle, and two high schools. There are a total of 540 teachers, ten principals, 20 vice principals, and ten guidance counselors. Teacher morale is extremely low, with seasoned teachers quitting or retiring at high rates; the school board is rife with internal factionalism and power struggles as nepotism, politically motivated personnel decisions, and a spoils system are now common practice.  The superintendent has sided with the faction he believes is more concerned with improvement of the schools. He has tried to break the log-jam by exerting absolute control over all hiring/firings, ordered increased PD for teachers, has hired more teacher aides, slashed spending in all other budget areas, and has hired several of his extended family members in the district.  These efforts have been met with threats of being removed from office for attempting to circumvent the authority of the school board, district hiring policies, and the school-level leadership.

 

Scenario 2:  A 150 year old private Christian (mostly liberal arts) university is on the verge of closing its doors.  XYZ University’s President, Dr. Smith, has served for seven years and is a beloved alum of the university.  Under his leadership, the institution has taken on massive debt and has withdrawn funds from its endowment at unsustainable levels to supplement the operating budget.  President Smith has fostered a climate of unhealthy competition among his leadership team of six vice presidents  – fierce hatred and competition existing among those officers.

 

Each administrative department within the university is self-contained, with practically no interaction with the other departments.  It has an endowment of 150 million dollars and an annual operating cost of 60 million dollars.   It has a student enrollment of 2,000 undergrads and 1,500 graduate students, but enrollment has shown signs of stagnation and pockets of small declines over the past five  years.  Additionally, institutional markers for success have continued to decline which include, average ACT scores, average high school GPA, and university retention rates.  The lack of growth has resulted in an increasing number of students who need developmental education courses.  However, the Vice President for Academic Affairs has resisted the need to create a new developmental education program and instead, has asked each academic department to absorb this responsibility.

 

Over the past six years, President Smith has embarked on a building campaign that has added seven new buildings, three of which are residence halls, three are math, science, and technical training buildings (STEM) with state of the art technology, and one is a new athletic facility.  The residence halls are not at capacity and the enrollment of STEM majors has been slow to grow even with the new facilities and added faculty.

 

Faculty morale in STEM related departments is high, but low among the rest of the faculty. Only the STEM faculty have received pay raises in the past five years.  Older faculty and administrative staff members are upset at the starting pay for new hires as well as the number of adjuncts needed to teach the growing number of technical training classes.

 

The Board of Trustees is split regarding the future of the institution.

• A group within the Board of Trustees is wishing to close the doors of the school and turn the campus into an auxiliary of larger, nearby state school.  • Another faction is fighting the president over his plans to build more and is pushing for fiscal responsibility.  • A third faction wants to keep the doors open by doubling the enrollment and increasing the power of the school’s vice president to serve as a check against the president.

 

Scenario 3: A local business, ATR, which employees over 2,000 people and generates nearly 50 million dollars in profit each year, recently acquired a new business, that of a former competitor, Beta inc. The annual profit of the recently acquired Beta was 35 million dollars, but profits have been declining in recent years.

 

Both businesses make and sell similar products. The purchase price was 10 million dollars. Beta employees over 1,000 people. It had just filed for bankruptcy after it was discovered that Beta’s CEO and Board had embezzled funds. The Board of the larger ATR was hesitant to acquire Beta, with the idea of purchasing the company passing by only 1 vote.  Morale at ATR is high, but many of those employees are fearful that acquiring the Beta will result in lost jobs, potential economic troubles for the company, and more competition for promotions. Morale at the newly acquired Beta is very low, and many are expecting to lose their jobs in the acquisition, and most expect that favoritism will be shown to the employees of the larger ATR.  Upon further inspection, it has been determined that much of the technology and machinery used at Beta is outdated and in desperate need of repair.

2

Plato’s Republic Terms

Politea: How a city is organized e.g. could be by a division of labor.

Sophists: Itinerant teachers of rhetoric, relativists; more interested in winning an argument than discerning truth.

Relativist: One who believes there is no absolute, universal, objective truth. Advances the notion that truth is relative.

Absolutist: One who believes there is an absolute, universal, objective truth. Plato Illustrated the idea of absolutism with his notion of the Forms.

Polis: A Greek city-state such as Athens.

Stephanus Numbers: A standardized numbering of dialogues for each section in Plato’s works (and Plutarch’s) e.g., The Republic. This refers to a page in the 1578 translation of Plato’s dialogues by Henri Estienne (“Stephanus” in Latin). This benefits navigating various translations of the same Platonic work. Each number is divided equally in sections labelled a –e.

 

 

 

3

Book I (Prologue)

Cast of Characters

Socrates

Cephalus -Wealthy, older, businessman

Polemarchus – son of Cephalus

Glaucon – Socrates’ younger friend, main character after Socrates (Plato’s brother – son of Ariston)

Adeimantus Major character (another one of Plato’s older brother – son of Ariston)

Cleitophon – Politician in Athens. An acquaintance of Socrates (shortest dialogue in The Republic – limited to Book I).

Thrasymachus – A sophist and foil for Socrates

 

4

Setting

Dialogue takes place around 410 BC in the Piraeus –a seaport in Athens

Plato went to the Piraeus to go to a religious festival.

Polemarchus asks Plato to stay for dinner

Polemarchus jokingly forces Plato to stay.

 

5

Dialogues Book I

First dialogue: Socrates and Cephalus (328d-331d)

Second dialogue: Socrates and Polemarchus (331d-336a)

Third dialogue: Socrates and Thrasymachus.

 

Socrates counters Thrasymachus three times:

339a-340a

341c-342c

345e-346e

 

6

Socrates and Cephalus The First Dialogue (328-331d)

Socrates asks Cephalus what is like to be so old. Cephalus responds that it is okay to be old because he is no longer a slave to the passions of youth.

Cephalus defines justice as “telling the truth and giving back what a man has taken from another” (331c).

Socrates counters with the scenario of returning a borrowed knife to one who is insane and dangerous.

The older Cephalus is not interested in philosophical inquiry, quickly grows weary of this exercise – leaves to engage in religious ceremony.

 

7

Socrates and Polemarchus

Second Dialogue (331d-336a)

Polemarchus’ Definition of Justice

1) Justice is giving what is owed.

2)Justice is “giving everyone what is fitting”(332b).

3) Justice is helping your friends and hurting your enemies.

Socrates’ Refutation

1)Would you return a knife to one who was insane?

2)Would you tell him the truth?

3) Is an insane friend who seeks to hurt you regarded as a friend? It can be difficult to determine a friend from an enemy.

 

8

Socrates Debates Thrasymachus

Third and Main Debate in Book I

Thrasymachus’ Argument

1) Justice is the advantage of the stronger (338c) – justice is defined by whoever holds power. Rulers must obey all laws.

2)Thrasymachus rejects Cleitophon’s revision

3) Argues a ruler is like a craftsman

Socrates’ Refutation

1)What if a ruler makes a mistake; a law that hurts the ruler? (339a-340a)

2) All craftsman seek to benefit the recipient of their craft e.g. Doctor benefits the patent, pilot cares for the sailors. That is, craftsmen do not seek to benefit themselves!

 

 

9

Thrasymachus

Thrasymachus is a sophist. That is, he was skilled in rhetoric, traveling teacher of rhetoric for hire; more concerned with winning an argument that truth or principle. He was a relativist.

 

10

End of Book I

Book I ends with Socrates refuting Thrasymachus’ arguments

 

What are your thoughts on relativism as a defensible position?

 

Key Questions posed in The Republic

What is justice?

Why should one prefer justice to injustice?

 

 

 

11

Book II

Analogy of the City-Soul

Glaucon is not satisfied with Plato’s counter argument to Thrasymachus’ definition of justice.

Glaucon asks Socrates to answer why a just life is better than an unjust life.

Glaucon illustrates his concern in the story of the ring of Gyges (359-360d).

Socrates answers with the city-soul analogy.

Socrates endeavors to build a “just” city from Book II through Book VII to illustrate the meaning of justice.

 

 

12

Book IV

Construction of the “Just” City #1

Very sparse – bare necessities.

Lacks luxuries or “relishes”.

Glaucon notes this city is so bare it is fit for pigs.

According to Socrates, what must happen to have a more luxurious city with “relishes?

 

13

 

Book II

Impact of the culture and censorship

 

14

 

Individuals are impacted by music, literature, and other artistic expression.

 

 

Due to this powerful influence, Socrates recommends censorship. He notes it is important to “supervise the makers of tales” (377c).

 

 

Book III

Noble Lie

As a result of the perceived need to censor, Socrates advocates for the noble lie.

The first part of the noble lie states that people were not born of their parents, rather they were born of the city. The city is their parent (414d).

The second part of the lie fosters a type of caste system in which individuals are born into a social class. This part of the lie, “the myth of the metals” asserts there are only three levels one can be born into: Bronze, silver, or gold. People have bronze, silver, or gold souls, this determines their status and rank (415a).

 

15

Book III (cont.)

The rulers of the city are selected from the Guardian class. They should be wise and developed for the role of ruler.

The guardians would have no private property rights, little privacy, taxes will cover their expenses and live as a community – one large family.

Gold souled: RULERS Guardians (Philosopher Kings)

Silver souled: SOLDIERS (Auxiliaries) Military

Bronze souled: WORKERS Producers, (farmers, shoemakers, builders)

 

 

16

Book III (Cont.)

Medical Practice

Socrates denies that everyone should have access to health care

He advocates for eugenics and abortion

Plan for totalitarianism?

 

 

 

17

 

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

 

19

 

Socrates has completed his theoretical “just” city.

 

 

Adeimantus notes that the rulers of the “just” city would not be content (419a). Socrates states that the priority is to achieve justice for the city.

 

 

What does Socrates claim is NOT the objective (420b)?

 

 

Socrates asserts that the individual soul is composed of three parts. What are these three parts?

 

 

What is this similar too?

 

 

What should there not be an excess of in the city?

 

 

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

 

Socrates has completed his theoretical “just” city.

Adeimantus notes that the rulers of the “just” city would not be content (419a). Socrates states that the priority is to achieve justice for the city.

What does Socrates claim is NOT the objective (420b)?

Socrates asserts that the individual soul is composed of three parts. What are these three parts?

What is this similar too?

What should there not be an excess of in the city?

(

20

Book IV Introduction

The Soul (answers)

Adeimantus notes that the rulers of the “just” city would not be content (419a). Socrates states that the priority is to achieve justice for the city. The happiness of any one person or group is not the objective (420b).

Socrates asserts that the individual soul is composed of three parts. 1. Reason 2. Spirit 3. Desire.

The city is analogous to the individual soul.

There should be neither an excess of wealth or poverty in the city to avoid strife (421d-422a)

 

21

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

Why is the city moderate?

 

 

22

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

Why is the city moderate?

The city is moderate because the citizens control their own desires so that they can follow the orders of their leaders.

 

2. Why is the city just?

 

23

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

Why is the city moderate?

The city is moderate because the citizens control their own desires so that they can follow the orders of their leaders.

 

2. Why is the city just?

 

24

Book IV Introduction

The Soul (cont.)

Why is the city moderate?

The city is moderate because the citizens control their own desires so that they can follow the orders of their leaders.

 

2. Why is the city “just”?

The city is “just” because each citizen “minds their own business (433b). That is, justice is each citizen doing his or her own specific job.

 

25

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

Each citizen should do the work which they are naturally inclined as a result of their abilities.

There is a harmony and absence of strife as each fulfills his/her calling.

The city and the soul have the same composition.

The city is like the soul magnified.

 

 

26

Book IV Introduction

The City-Soul Analogy (revisited from Book II)

The city and soul are similar in structure .

Eye chart letter analogy

The city is tripartite i.e. it has three parts: gold, silver, and bronze.

Likewise, the soul has three parts: reason, spirit, and desire (435e-436a).

 

 

27

Book IV Introduction

The Soul

Adeimantus notes that the rulers of the “just” city would not be content (419a). Socrates states that the priority is to achieve justice for the city. The happiness of any one person or group is not the objective (420b).

Socrates asserts that the individual soul is composed of three parts: reason, spirit and desire. The city, is composed similarly to the individual soul.

There should be neither an excess of wealth or poverty in the city to avoid strife (421d-422a)

Socrates has completed the city.

 

28

Book IV

Construction of the “Just” City

If this city was constructed properly, it is ideal. That is, this city should have virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice.

The guardians provide the wisdom through wise leadership.

The soldiers brave the dangers to honor the command of their leaders.

The moderation of the city is reflected by the citizens’ control over their appetites and desires in favor of following the rule of the leaders.

By the end of this book, Socrates claims to have constructed this theoretical just city, and answered why a just life is preferred to an unjust life. Socrates now seems ready to return to his home in Athens proper.

What type of regime is described by these characteristics?

 

 

29

 

 

Book IV

Construction of the “Just” City

If this city was constructed properly, it is ideal. That is, this city should have virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice.

The guardians provide the wisdom through wise leadership. A guardian who has passed all of the requirements may become philosopher king at age 50.

The soldiers brave the dangers to honor the command of their leaders.

The moderation of the city is reflected by the citizens’ control over their appetites and desires in favor of following the rule of the leaders.

 

30

Book V Who is the Philosopher?

A lover of wisdom. A “desirer of wisdom, not of one part….but all of it” (475b).

 

31

Book V Who is the Philosopher King?

A lover of wisdom. A “desirer of wisdom, not of one part….but all of it” (475b).

Knowledgeable

Just

Does not pursue power – doesn’t seek to rule

 

32

 

33

Book VI The Ship of State (488a-489a)

The basic characteristics of Socrates’s notion of philosophy:

The ship is to represent the state.

The ship is owned by a man who knows nothing about being a pilot.

As a result, the sailors fight among themselves for control of the ship.

In ancient navigation, one must look up to navigate.

The one who has knowledge looks up, the others look across.

That is, the one who is knowledgeable looks vertically, while the politically motivated one looks horizontal.

How would you describe Socrates’ view of politics?

 

 

34

Book VI The Ship of State (488a-489a)

Socrates defines the true philosopher who lives in a real city:

This true philosopher “minds his own business – as a man in a storm, when dust and rain are blown about by the wind, stands aside under a little wall . Seeing others filled full with lawlessness, he is content if somehow he himself can live his life here pure of injustice” (496d).

Why does the true philosopher takes refuge from the real stormy world of politics?

Does Socrates believe that politics and philosophy could become function together (499d)?

 

35

Book VI The Idea of the Good (p. 2)

What is the idea of the good?

Socrates describes the idea of the good as “the greatest study” (505a). He compares it to the sun.

According to Socrates, what do most of the people describe the idea of the good (505b)?

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

Book VI The Idea of the Good (p. 3)

“Isn’t it clear that that many men would choose to do, possess, and enjoy the reputation for things that are opined to be just and fair, even if they aren’t, while when it comes to good things, no one is satisfied with what is opined to be so but each seeks the things that are, and from here on out everyone despises the opinion? (505d)

 

 

 

 

 

37

Book VI The Idea of the Good (p. 4)

Socrates says: “I divine that no one will adequately know the just and fair things themselves before this is known?”( 506a).

 

 

 

 

38

Book VII Big Ideas: The Cave Allegory

The allegory of the cave is presented at the end of Books VII and VIII.

Imagine a cave that has an entrance leading out into the sunlight. There are prisoners in the cave who are confined with chains that allows them only to see the wall of the cave in front of them.

A fire burns behind them illuminating the wall in front of the prisoners view. There is a walkway between the fire and the prisoners in which people travel. The prisoners see only shadows of the people traveling across the walkway and hear only distant voices. The prisoners perceive the shadows and reflected sounds as reality.

A higher education is afforded the Guardians which allows them to escape from the “Cave”.

 

 

39

 

40

 

41

Plato’s Republic Big Ideas: The Cave Allegory

If a prisoner were unshackled and turned to see he would be surprised to see the fire. He will be caught in unbelief to learn that reality is defined in a more tangible manner than a shadow. Taking him completely out of the cave would add yet another level of sensation and realization. It would be unlikely that the prisoner could ever perceive reality the same way again even if returned to the shackled existence of staring at the shadowed wall.

A higher education is afforded the Guardians which allows them to escape from the “Cave”.

What comparison does this allegory represent?

 

42

Plato’s Republic

The Republic is a philosophical portrayal of an idealized form of government.

The Republic is not a “how-to manual” for political leadership.

Socrates describes democracy as chaotic and second only to tyranny in its affliction.

 

 

 

43

Lesson Two Complete

 

44