Explain how Shapiro’s Alternate View of Addiction is a consequentialist approach to the problem.

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Write a short reflection statement (350-500 words) after reading Chapter 5. Use complete sentences and correct academic writing to complete this assignment.

Respond in writing to these items:

  1. Discuss the two prominent prohibitionists arguments that Huemer dismisses in his essay.  In your response, consider how an entity such as an insurance company might respond to Huemer’s dismissal.  What type of moral argument would the insurance company use?  Discuss.
  2. What do you think of Marneffe’s argument for the decriminalization of drugs?  Do you agree with his logic related to the problems of legalization?  Discuss.
  3. Explain how Shapiro’s Alternate View of Addiction is a consequentialist approach to the problem.  Discuss what he means by humans being “interpretative animals” in regard to each of the 3 components of the Alternative View.

Provide a brief explanation of cognitive dissonance.

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Social Cognitive Theory.html

Social Cognitive Theory

Cognitive theorists suggest that the interaction between an individual and the environment involves human beliefs and cognitive competencies that are developed and modified by social influences and structures within the environment. When we grasp the relationship between our environment and our behaviors, we are able to better predict our responses and future behaviors and, in turn, modify our behaviors.

A key figure in motivation is Albert Bandura. In 1977 he became dissatisfied with the way in which leading theories of the time (e.g., psychoanalysis, behaviorism) ignored the role of cognition in motivation. Hence, he developed the Social Cognitive Theory that places a clear emphasis on the way in which cognitive, personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact to determine motivation and behavior (Crothers, Hughes, & Morine, 2008).

Within the theory, Bandura asserts, are four processes that lead a person to attain his goals: self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction, and self-efficacy. These components are interrelated and each has an effect on motivation and goal attainment (Redmond, 2010).

In short, Social cognitive learning Theory views motivation as a function of individuals’ thoughts rather than some instinct, need, drive, or incentive as examined by Freud, Hull, and Maslow. Through the lens of social cognitive learning theory, there are six motivational constructs that have been classified into three broad categories including individuals’:

  • perceptions about their ability to accomplish a task,
  • purposes or reasons for getting involved in a task and,
  • the techniques used to integrate information (King, 2012).

ANOVA Application And Interpretation

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Step 1: Write Section 1 of the DAA: The Data Analysis Plan

  • Name the variables used in this analysis and whether they are categorical or continuous.
  • State a research question, null hypothesis, and alternate hypothesis for the analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Step 2: Write Section 2 of the DAA: Testing Assumptions

Test for one of the assumptions of ANOVA – normality.

  • Create SPSS output showing the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality. Run the Shapiro-Wilk test on the dependent variable test for the entire sample. Do not split the data up by gender before running the normality test.
  • Paste the table in the DAA.
  • Interpret the Shapiro-Wilk test and how you determined whether the assumption of normality was met or violated.

Step 3: Write Section 3 of the DAA: Results and Interpretation

  • Paste the following SPSS tables into the document:
    • Descriptives table.
    • ANOVA table.
    • Multiple Comparison table.
  • Report the means and standard deviation of quiz3 for each group of the section variable.
  • Report the results of the F-test and interpret the statistical results against the null hypothesis and state whether it is accepted or rejected.
  • Finally, if the F is significant, interpret the post-hoc tests (multiple comparisons).

Step 4: Write Section 4 of the DAA: Statistical Conclusions

  • Provide a brief summary of your analysis and the conclusions drawn about this ANOVA.
  • Analyze the limitations of the statistical test and/or possible alternative explanations for your results.

Step 5: Write Section 5 of the DAA: Application

Analyze how you might use this statistical approach in your field for study.

  • Name an independent variable (the IV should have three or more groups/categories) and dependent variable that would work for such an analysis and why studying it may be important to the field of practice.

Submit your DAA Template as an attached Word document in the assessment area.

Research Methods Literature Review

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Research Methods Literature Review

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review the qualitative and quantitative research designs encountered so far in this course.

For your literature review, you will select one design from each of the following categories.

Category Non-experimental Quantitative experimental Qualitative Mixed methods
Designs Descriptive

Archival

Observational

Correlational

Survey research

 Pretest-posttest control group

Posttest-only control group

Solomon four-group

 Ethnography

Phenomenology

Grounded theory

Narrative

Participatory action research (PAR)

 Explanatory

Exploratory

Triangulation

Parallel

Visit the Research Methods research guide in the University of Arizona Global Campus Library and search the databases for a minimum of one peer-reviewed journal article published within the last 10 years about each of the research designs you selected. The articles must not be research studies using the designs. Instead, they must be about how to conduct a study using the design. Examples of acceptable articles for this assignment are listed at the Suggested Articles tab in the Research Methods research guide.

 

In your paper, briefly outline the topic you selected for your Final Research Proposal in Week One and apply the scientific method by suggesting both a specific research question and a hypothesis for the topic. Evaluate your chosen peer-reviewed articles summarizing each and explaining how the research design described could be useful for designing original research on your topic. Compare and contrast the paradigms or worldviews inherent in the methodology associated with each research design. Apply professional standards and situate yourself as a researcher by identifying which of these approaches best fits with your worldview.

The Research Methods Literature Review

· Must be four to six double-spaced pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing Center

· (Links to an external site.)

· .

· Must include a separate title page with the following:

· Title of paper

· Student’s name

· Course name and number

· Instructor’s name

· Date submitted

· Must use at least four peer-reviewed sources published within the last 10 years.

· Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Writing Center.

· Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing Center.