Distinguish between the various social-cognitive theories of health behaviour.

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Order Instructions

Task A. Answer the following learning objectives

1. Distinguish between the various social-cognitive theories of health behaviour.

2. Describe the barriers to health promotion and preventative health.

3. Discuss the nature of the relationship between stress and health.

4. Describe the major strategies for coping with stress.

Task B: Complete the following Life Events Stress Test and answer the associated questions

http://www.stresstips.com/lifeevents.htm

1. Name and describe the major stressor in your life

2. Describe a possible coping strategy that could be used to resolve this stress

3. Discuss whether you would use others [disclosure] in your stress resolution

Task C. Either describe the most interesting/surprising aspect of the chapter or apply (or explain) some aspect of this material to your life (or your future work life).

Word count:_____

References

Each assessment involves the following three tasks:
1. Task A: Answer the learning objectives [about 100 words per objective – usually four (4), so that’s 100 x 4 = 400 words].
2. Task B: Complete a tutorial or online activity with specific questions to be answered [about 200 words]
3. Task C. In about 100 words, apply (or explain) some aspect of this material to your life (or your future life).

Burton, L., Westen, D., & Kowlaski, R. (2015). Psychology (4th ed.). Milton, Australia: John Wiley. You can use either the 3rd or 4th edition, but the 4th edition, which is the latest edition is recommended

What international links exist with Indigenous community development projects?

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Answer the following questions. Each question/topic is related to a module and article(s). I will upload articles that will help with each question. The number of references is flexible, but at LEAST one per question. Referencing style is other and I will attach a referencing style sheet. Where possible, please answer using points. 

The questions for discussion are below. They are meant to evoke conversation on an online forum. Thank you. 
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Question 1. 

Identify 3-5 key themes. In a paragraph, summarize what community development means. In a second paragraph identify 3-5 key theoretical concepts you learnt about. What immediate strengths and weaknesses can you identify? What possible issues do you think contemporary communities engaged in community development including community development practitioners, face? 
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Question 2. 
Identify 3-6 key issues associated with power. Then seek to evaluate power as a positive and negative attribute.
Empowerment
Lorion & McMillan (2008) state:
“by definition, empowerment typically refers to ‘‘making or causing to be in a state of power.’’ The implication of the term is that the members of one group (hereafter referred to as the ‘‘Wanters’’) depend on the actions of the members of a second group (hereafter referred to as the ‘‘Empowerers’’) to gain access to heretofore lacking power, resources, or influence. This process seems straightforward enough until one recognizes that access to that goal is typically controlled by yet a third group (hereafter referred to as the ‘‘Powered’’). Inherent in the issue is our understanding of power.” (p. 254).

“Effectively, the empowerment of some (i.e., the Wanters) requires the disempowerment of others (i.e., the Powered) in the short term and many more (e.g., subsequent cohorts of Wanters) in the long term. Unless that shift establishes an acceptable balance for each of these constituencies, the potential for an ongoing struggle among them appears unavoidable. At issue then is the development of an understanding of the bases for negotiating a true sharing of decision-making between those who want and those who allocate resources.” (p. 258).

Lorion, R & McMillan, D 2008, “Does empowerment require disempowerment? Reflections on psychopolitical validity”, Journal of Community Psychology, vol.36, pp. 254–260. 

From the quote, identify what empowerment and then, disempowerment means.
Also consider various forms of power in society – who has it and how it is used – including legitimate and illegitimate use. 

From the reading, seek to address 2-3 of the following questions:

1. What does empowerment mean? Who is to be empowered and who is not?
2. What link exists between empowerment and community development?
3. What strengths and weaknesses does empowerment present to community development?
4. What is the advantage of focusing on empowerment when developing and implementing community development approaches?
Let’s contextualise this learning by examining the case study of the ‘Red Dust Healing Project’ in Australia along with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF)’s, Southern Africa Regional Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Capacity Building Project.

‘Red Dust Healing Project’ in Australia.

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Question 3. 
1 ) Why do you think change is a central tenant to community development? Now consider what motivates it? What can get in the way to achieving change? Who is responsible for achieving it?

2) Review your learning thus far, in the module. What core themes have emerged in regard to the association between change and community development? How is change to be negotiated? Who are the key actors or agents involved in change? Can change occur without uniform community support? What strengths and weaknesses have you identified

International Experience
Activity
Opportunity exists to research what one or two international Indigenous community/communities have deemed to be important to their community development undertaking(s).
To do this, first identify an Indigenous people you would like to investigate for example, Maori in New Zealand, American Indians in the USA or Indigenous peoples in Argentina. Then seek to locate a community development program or project that your chosen group have been involved in and is less than 10 years old. As you undertake your research, seek to answer at least two of the following questions. 
• What specific issues did you identify?
• What common and different approaches/ ideas to the Australian experience did you observe?
• What international links exist with Indigenous community development projects?
• How does the project support Indigeneity and fulfil actors / contributors goals?
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Question 4. 
From the learning gained this far, jot down 2-3 dot points on what you understand asset-based and social capacity plus community building to mean.

Our approach in this unit is to view the two elements as part of community development. (Some literature you come across may present capacity building as being the stage on from community development namely, community capacity building.)

State the hypothesis to be tested, identifying independent and dependent variables AND how they will be measured

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Instructions
Use full sentences and paragraphs when responding.

Introduction-Description of Problem (1 1/2 – 2 pages). Introduce the topics interest in research and description, and then a description of the problem (as referenced from other sources). Be sure and indicate why research is important, and how empirical research can contribute to Psychology. Describe the purpose of research and conclude with a clearly stated research thesis statement.

State the hypothesis to be tested, identifying independent and dependent variables AND how they will be measured (operationalized). (1 page)

Significance (1 page). This section provides the rationale and justification for the research. For example: Who cares about the question? Are opinions divided? How important is it to have an answer to this issue? What are the implications for practice/policy of various possible answers?

Sub-topics (5-6 pages). Subtopics’ provides background information about your topic – it summarizes what is known about the subject. Describe Psychology references. This research clarifies your understanding of the problem and offers a context for your proposed research. (Clarify the readers understanding of the problems and provide Psychological situation analysis on for the Research). Remember to write in past tense.

Use at least 10 SCHOLARLY journal articles and books for a research paper, no older than 5-7 years (and referenced correctly using APA style). Be sure and include studies that deal with major concepts/variables that you will include in the research. If you cannot find literature that is related to your topic, make indirect links that are logical and related.

Conclusion/Summary (1-2 pages) – Summarize the key points of your study – what you hope to accomplish and benefits to be gained by this research. Discuss possible limitations in your research, such as response rate, sampling bias, respondent bias, or other administrative problems.

Outline
Thesis Statement:
Babies born in the 1980’s who came into contact with crack cocaine via passive smoking or direct use of the drug through parents have experienced adverse effects of the drug.
I. In the 1980’s there was an increase in cocaine use among American minority groups.
A. Cocaine smoking as crack considered an epidemic.
1. Media stories of mothers who used crack cocaine giving birth to ‘crack
babies’.
2. Parents who use drugs, it is likely children to have drug taking behavior.
B. 1960’s and 1970’s freebase cocaine in powder was on the rise but later crack cocaine became popular.
1. Crack cocaine prevalent among African Americans.
2. Effect of users of crack cocaine among African Americans.
a. Users of crack cocaine admitted to hospitals.
3. Effects on users of crack cocaine-related to overdose among African Americans.
a. Overdose relating to death or trouble with the police.
C. Crack Cocaine also causes health problems among African Americans.
1. Pulmonary complications.
2. Other complications.
II. Children of crack users are taken away by Child Services.
A. African American families face financial burdens because of crack cocaine.
1. Child exposure to crack cocaine.
B. African American families face with social problems, violence, and risky sexual behavior because of crack cocaine.
1. Child exposure to crack cocaine.
C. Recent studies shown African American users find it difficult managing responsibilities while using crack cocaine.
III. Research on the psychological or social effects of cocaine on babies to find out
what happened to them and, therefore, prove or refute the ‘crack babies’ claim made in
1980’s.
A. Babies in the 1980’s users, 30-26 years later.
B. The mortality rate of babies exposed to cocaine in the 1980’s.
IV. Conclusion

References
Booth, B. M., Stewart, K. E., Curran, G. M., Cheney, A. M., & Borders, T. F. (2014). Beliefs and attitudes regarding drug treatment: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in African-American cocaine users. Addictive behaviors, 39(10), 1441-1446.
Diane Publishing Company (1996). Technologies for Understanding and Preventing Substance abuse and Addiction. Pennsylvania: Author.
Finkelman, P., & Williams, Y. (2008). Encyclopedia of African American History: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century. Yohuru Williams.“Delaware,” for Encyclopedia of African American History: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century (1896–2005)(Oxford, 2008).
Glenn, J.E. (2014). The Birth of the crack baby and the History that Myths Make. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.120.51698
Hamid, A. (1992). The developmental cycle of a drug epidemic: The cocaine smoking epidemic of 1981–1991. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 24(4), 337-348.
Khalsa, M. E., Tashkin, D. P., & Perrochet, B. (1992). Smoked cocaine: patterns of use and pulmonary consequences. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 24(3), 265-272.
Logan, S., Denby, R., & Gibson, P. A. (Eds.). (2013). Mental health care in the African-American community. London: Routledge
Myers, P. L. (2014). 21st Century Research on Drugs and Ethnicity: Studies Supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. London: Routledge.
Reinarman, C., & Levine, H. G. (2004). Crack in the rearview mirror: Deconstructing drug war mythology. Social Justice, 182-199.
Sharpe, T. T., Lee, L. M., Nakashima, A. K., Elam-Evans, L. D., & Fleming, P. L. (2004). Crack cocaine use and adherence to antiretroviral treatment among HIV-infected black women. Journal of Community Health, 29(2), 117-127.

Attachment included

In the United States, a significant number of the current population is uninsured. Reducing that number is critical to maintaining a healthy population

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In the United States, a significant number of the current population is uninsured. Reducing that number is critical to maintaining a healthy population. The federal government plays a large role in healthcare and sets the standards, regulations, and policies. In most industries, market-based competition is the primary incentive for sellers to maximize the quality of their product or service and to limit the cost. This is true to a much more limited degree in healthcare.

In the discussion topic, consider the following:

  • What is the government’s role in healthcare? How does the government impact healthcare organizations?
  • How does health insurance impact healthcare delivery?
  • How can we reduce the number of uninsured people while maximizing quality and access and minimizing costs?

Support your answer with relevant resources.