ECO 372 / ECO 372 WEEK 5 FINAL EXAM (NEW)
1.News Story: Workers at a car-manufacturing plant in Flint, Michigan are laid off because the economy is weak and GM cars aren’t selling well. GM isn’t sure when the plant will reopen. What type of unemployment describes the workers’ situation?
Frictional unemployment
Structural unemployment
Full unemployment
Cyclical unemployment
2.Globalization that allows governments to pursue expansionary policies can be dangerous because it can lead to:
A reduction in the debt ceiling
Goods price inflation
Asset price inflation
Goods price deflation
3.Macroeconomics is:
The study of aggregate economic relationships.
An analysis of economic reality that proceeds from the parts to the whole.
The study of pricing policies of firms and the purchasing decisions of households.
The study of individual choice and how that choice is influenced by economic forces.
4.Which of the following types of unemployment is considered to be the most controllable through demand-side macroeconomic policy?
Frictional unemployment
Cyclical unemployment
Structural unemployment
Natural unemployment
5.If banks hold excess reserves whereas before they did not, the money multiplier:
Will become smaller
Will become larger
Might increase or might decrease
Will be unaffected
6.Using the expenditure approach, gross domestic product equals:
The sum of consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports
Gross national product minus net exports
The sum of consumption, investment, and government purchases
Gross national product
7.How do investment in technology and investment in capital differ?
They have similar effects on output so they have no important differences from an economic point of view.
They have the same effects on output but investments in technology are much more closely tied to the level of saving than investments in capital.
They have different effects on output because of the positive externalities associated with investments in capital.
They have different effects on output because of the positive externalities associate with investments in technology.
8.The interest rate is the price paid for use of a:
Real asset.
Financial liability.
Financial asset.
Real liability.
9.If the reserve requirement is 20 percent, and banks keep no excess reserves, an increase in an initial inflow of $100 into the banking system will cause an increase in the money supply of:
$50
$100
$500
$20
The deposit multiplier is 1/r = 1/.2 = 5, which gives an increase in total money of $500.
10.Suppose farmers can use their land to grown either wheat or corn. The law of supply predicts that an increase in the market price of wheat will cause:
Farmers to substitute wheat for the production of corn.
Farmers to raise the production of corn and wheat.
Farmers to lower the production of corn and wheat.
Farmers to substitute corn for the production of wheat.
11.According to Keynes, why might deflation create problems for an economy?
In expectation of increased spending, too many entrepreneurs would begin businesses and most would fail.
The cost of repricing goods would increase costs, and therefore reduce profits, for businesses and they would cut production.
People would drop out of unions because unions would become ineffective at keeping wages of members high.
Consumers might expect prices to fall further and cut back consumption now.
12.When interest rates rise, people are:
More likely to borrow, that is, purchase a financial asset.
More likely to borrow, that is, sell a financial asset.
Less likely to borrow, that is, sell a financial asset.
Less likely to borrow, that is, purchase a financial asset.
13.According to the Classical growth model, an economy that increases its saving will grow:
Quickly since the increase in saving will permit greater investment.
Quickly since the increase in saving will permit more rapid technological progress.
Slowly because interest rates will fall, causing investment to decline.
Slowly because consumption and aggregate demand will be reduced.
14.Suppose that consumer spending is expected to decrease in the near future. If output is at potential output, which of the following policies is most appropriate according to the AS/AD model?
A reduction in government spending
An increase in taxes
An increase in government spending
No change in taxes or government spending
15.Which of the following topics is best characterized as a macroeconomic issue?
The effect of a drought on the price of corn
The decision by Apple to produce fewer Macintosh computers
The effect of an increase in federal spending on the unemployment rate
The choice a student makes in selecting college course
16.If income increases more rapidly than expected, then:
Estimates of the target rate of employment are likely to increase.
The budget is less likely to be in surplus.
Tax revenues will be lower than expected.
Spending on income-support programs will likely be lower than expected.
17.In which of the following situations is a budget surplus most likely to occur?
When fiscal policy is contractionary and the economy is expanding
When fiscal policy is expansionary and the economy is contracting
When fiscal policy is expansionary
When the economy is contracting
18.The largest expenditure component of GDP is:
Government spending
Net exports
Investment
Consumption
19.Which of the following is the path through which contractionary monetary policy works?
Money down implies interest rate up implies investment up implies income down.
Money down implies interest rate down implies investment down implies income down.
Money down implies interest rate up implies investment down implies income down.
Money down implies interest rate down implies investment up implies income down.
20.As a country develops economically, what changes usually take place in the goods it exports?
There is little change because comparative advantage does not change.
Exports go from being diversified to being specialized in whatever the country finds to its comparative advantage.
Services and manufactured goods decline in importance and are replaced by raw materials and agricultural products.
Raw materials and agricultural products decline in importance and are replaced by services and manufactured goods.
21.What would make foreigners want to buy more from the United States?
Higher tariffs
Higher interest rates in the United States
Inflation in the United States
A fall in the value of the dollar in the foreign exchange market
22.The depreciation of currency will:
Balance a trade surplus.
Have no impact on a country’s comparative advantage.
Worsen a country’s comparative advantage.
Improve a country’s comparative advantage.
23.The government of Crossland wants to influence its exchange rate. It will do so by buying and selling:
Currencies in its official reserves
Commodities
Goods and services from the current account
Transfers
24.If a country wants to prevent its exchange rates from falling, it could:
Place restrictions on imports
Pursue easier monetary policy
Remove any subsidies on exports
Remove restrictions on imports
25.Central banks are responsible for:
Both monetary policy and fiscal policy
Monetary policy but not fiscal policy
Neither monetary policy nor fiscal policy
Fiscal policy but not monetary policy
26.Quotas and tariffs can:
Never have the same effect on imports and import prices.
Have the same effect on the price of domestically produced goods if they are set appropriately.
Yield the same amount of tax revenue if they are set appropriately.
Both increase international trade by the same amount if set appropriately.
27.Between 2007 and 2009, the U.S. unemployment rate rose from under 5 percent to over 8 percent. A Keynesian economist would most likely blame this increase in unemployment on:
An increase in the minimum wage.
An increase in the bargaining power of labor unions.
A decline in the level of aggregate demand.
A decline in aggregate supply.
28.U.S. imports involve an:
Inflow of foreign currency from foreigners to the U.S. economy
Inflow of dollars from foreigners to the United States economy
Outflow of foreign currency from the United States to foreigners
Outflow of dollars from the United States to foreigners
29.The law of demand states that quantity demanded of a good is inversely related to the price of that good. Therefore, as the price of a good goes:
Up, the quantity demanded goes down.
Down, the quantity demanded stays the same.
Up, the quantity demanded also goes up.
Down, the quantity demanded goes down.
30.According to Keynes, market economies:
Never experience significant declines in aggregate demand.
Are constantly experiencing significant declines in aggregate demand.
May recover slowly after they experience a significant decline in aggregate demand.
Quickly recover after they experience a significant decline in aggregate demand.

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Background
Stagecoach was set up in Perth, Scotland in
1980. From its small start with just 2 buses,
Stagecoach now has a fleet of 10,000 buses and
coaches. Stagecoach expanded into many major
towns and cities across the UK and the world. This growth was aided by Stagecoach
becoming a PLC in 1993.
As well as buses and coaches, Stagecoach has also been a leading player in other public
transport services. These have included a 3-year period as owner of Glasgow Prestwick
Airport. Other services, which it is still currently involved in, are trains and trams.
This includes a 49% share in Virgin Rail Group whereby they work in partnership to
operate train lines across the UK.
Over the last 10 years Stagecoach has put a lot of their time, effort and money into
expanding its budget travel scheme—megabus.com.
The Objective
Stagecoach is now a leading international company that operates some of the most
recognised brands. It has the main objective of growth based on quality service and
innovation.
In order to manage the organisation effectively, Stagecoach is split into 3 core
divisions—UK Bus, UK Rail and North America. To achieve its main objective of
growth, Stagecoach uses a decentralised management structure with short chains of
command.
A recent newspaper article indicated that there is a revival of public bus transport in the
USA. This is due to rising fuel costs and more UK-owned discount operators in highly
populated areas of the country. This makes taking the bus more cost-effective than
driving. Also people’s perception of bus travel has changed with the introduction of
modern, air-conditioned coaches. Many have free Wi-Fi and charging points for mobile
phones and laptops.
The Vision
As well as the objective of growth, Stagecoach has a main vision “to deliver greener,
smarter travel” for its customers. This has been the focus for many developments
within Stagecoach since it introduced an advertising campaign to get drivers out of their
cars and into public transport in the year 2000.
Stagecoach has often led the field by testing and introducing different fuel types all
based on saving energy and cutting emissions into the environment. As well as this,
Stagecoach prides itself in keeping its fleet of buses and coaches up to date in order to
comply with European Standards regarding emissions. This has involved a continual programme of investment into new, greener buses.
As well as greener buses and coaches, Stagecoach has also looked to find ways of
making other parts of its operation sustainable and invested heavily in renewable
sources of electricity for its UK bases. All of this time and effort was rewarded in
2010 by the company gaining the prestigious Carbon Trust Standard. It was the first
Scottish-based transport company to achieve this award.

1. Option 1 is for Stagecoach to invest in new buses.
Identify and describe 2 sources of finance that a company could use to achieve this
objective.
2. Stagecoach prides itself on offering a quality service.
Describe 3 quality measures an organisation could use.
3. Stagecoach made the strategic decision to grow.
Distinguish between tactical and operational decisions.
4. Stagecoach has a decentralised decision making structure.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of decentralised decision making.
5. Stagecoach will carry out staff appraisal on a regular basis.
Outline 3 reasons for carrying out staff appraisal.
6. Stagecoach will carry out market research in order to find out what its customers
want.
(a) Explain the benefits to an organisation of market research.
(b) Identify 3 different types of ICT that could be used by a Marketing
department.
(c) Describe ways that the Marketing department could use each type of ICT
identified in 6(b) above. (A different use must be given for each type.)

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